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- W2518156962 abstract "To the Editor: The prognostic value of parameters assessing heart rate variability has been well documented in elderly adults.1-3 Heart rate range (HRR) over a 24-hour period is simpler and easier to estimate than heart rate variability and has been shown to predict mortality in some populations, such as those with congestive heart failure,4 but its prognostic value in older adults is less known. The aim of the current study was to assess the effect of HRR on all-cause mortality and on the need for pacemaker implantation in individuals aged 65 and older. Community-based individuals aged 65 and older who underwent 24-hour Holter monitoring between March 1, 2000, and December 2014 (N = 12,097) were initially considered for inclusion in the study. Exclusion criteria were history of pacemaker implantation, treatment with any negative chronotropic or antiarrhythmic drug, or any rhythm other than normal sinus rhythm during Holter monitoring. Thus, the final study population consisted of 7,999 individuals. For each Holter recording, maximal, minimal, and mean heart rate over the 24-hour period were recorded. HRR was estimated as the difference between maximal and minimal heart rate over that period. All-cause mortality and the need for pacemaker implantation during follow-up were ascertained. Associations between two continuous variables were assessed using Spearman rank correlation coefficients. Cumulative event curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Cox regression analyses were performed to adjust for the effect of age, sex, and mean heart rate. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. The interaction between HRR and sex was tested. Overall, 3,994 subjects were male (49.9%), and the mean age of subjects was 75.9 ± 6.6. Mean heart rate was 68 ± 11 beats per minute (bpm), and mean HRR was 66 ± 19 bpm. There was a very weak, albeit significant, correlation between HRR and age (ρ = −0.079, P < .001). HRR was also correlated with mean heart rate (ρ = 0.202, P < .001). During a mean follow-up of 4.4 ± 3.9 years (median 3.6 years, interquartile range 0.7–7.2 years), 2,658 deaths and 791 pacemaker implantations occurred. Cumulative 5-year mortality was 22.9% in subjects with a HRR higher than the median (64 bpm) and 28.7% in those with a median HRR or lower (P < .001) (Figure 1). The cumulative rates of pacemaker implantation within 5 years were 10% in those with a HRR higher than the median and 13.5% in those with a median HRR or lower (P < .001). After adjustment for sex, age, and mean heart rate, HRR remained predictive of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.94 per 10-bpm increment, 95% CI = 0.92–0.96, P < .001) but not of pacemaker implantation (HR = 0.97 per 10 bpm, 95% CI = 0.93–1.00, P = .08). There were no significant interactions between HRR and sex. A significant association was found between HRR, as assessed using 24-hour Holter monitoring, and all-cause mortality that was independent of age, sex, and mean heart rate, but there was no significant association between HRR and subsequent need for pacemaker implantation after multivariate adjustment. The value of HRR for predicting outcome has been previously assessed in 791 individuals with congestive heart failure;4 HRR was associated with higher all-cause mortality and heart failure–related hospitalizations, as well as with lower functional capacity and peak exercise heart rate. Individuals with atrial fibrillation were included in that study but not in the current study. Excluding those individuals may be appropriate because atrial fibrillation may be associated with wider HRR5 and worse prognosis,6 potentially attenuating the apparent association between HRR and mortality observed in individuals in normal sinus rhythm in the current study. Although autonomic dysfunction might justify the link between HRR and outcomes, the design of the current study did not allow causal inferences. In this regard, HRR might be a marker of risk reflecting poor physical condition, rather than an etiological factor. The findings of this study need to be considered in light of some limitations. The effects of some potential confounders were not accounted for, such as factors known to be associated with autonomic dysfunction (e.g., diabetes mellitus, renal failure). In addition, causes of death and reasons for pacemaker implantation were not investigated. In conclusion, a significant association between HRR and all-cause mortality was observed in this study of elderly adults. Further prospective studies are warranted to confirm these findings and to ascertain their generalizability to other populations. Conflict of Interest: The editor in chief has reviewed the conflict of interest checklist provided by the authors and has determined that the authors have no financial or any other kind of personal conflicts with this paper. Author Contributions: Bouzas-Mosquera: study concept and design, acquisition of subjects and data, analysis and interpretation of data, preparation of manuscript. Broullón, Álvarez-García, Martínez, Yáñez, Peteiro, Vázquez-Rodríguez: acquisition of subjects and data, review of manuscript. Sponsor's Role: The study had no external funding." @default.
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- W2518156962 date "2016-09-02" @default.
- W2518156962 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
- W2518156962 title "Heart Rate Range and All-Cause Mortality in Older Adults" @default.
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- W2518156962 doi "https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14326" @default.
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