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- W2518379402 abstract "Bruno Riou and Frédéric Aubrun accurately summarised the key advantages of intramuscular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) over intravenous opioids, as shown by the results of our randomised clinical trial.1Pathan SA Mitra B Straney LD et al.Delivering safe and effective analgesia for management of renal colic in the emergency department: a double-blind, multigroup, randomised controlled trial.Lancet. 2016; 387: 1999-2007Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar A standardised single dose of NSAID provides a ceiling effect, does not have a cumulative dose effect, and is associated with minimal adverse effects. By contrast, opioids are associated with enormous variability in their effect between individuals, demanding a personalised tailored approach to analgesia. Effective ongoing analgesia can be practically challenging to deliver in an emergency department (ED) with a diverse population and a high volume of patients being managed simultaneously.2Pines JM Hollander JE Emergency department crowding is associated with poor care for patients with severe pain.Ann Emerg Med. 2008; 51: 1-5Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (364) Google Scholar Obvious problems with opioids are the need for multiple dosages to achieve the desired effect, clinically significant dose-dependent side-effects, logistical delay involved in the administration and difficulties in continuing titration (with storage of half-used syringes with narcotics), risk of misuse, and potential for tolerance at the community level. Added to the inevitable periods of pain experienced by patients while being managed with titrated doses of intravenous opioids, all these issues provide compelling reasons for why morphine should not be used as first-line analgesia in acute pain management in a high-volume ED setting.3Ho KY Gan TJ Opioid-related adverse effects and treatment options.in: Sinatra RS de Leon-Casasola OA Ginsberg B Viscusi ER Acute pain management. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY2009: 406-415Crossref Google Scholar, 4O'Connor AB Zwemer FL Hays DP Feng C Outcomes after intravenous opioids in emergency patients: a prospective cohort analysis.Acad Emerg Med. 2009; 16: 477-487Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar, 5Lvovschi V Aubrun F Bonnet P et al.Intravenous morphine titration to treat severe pain in the ED.Am J Emerg Med. 2008; 26: 676-682Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (74) Google Scholar The argument that morphine could achieve similar or better results than diclofenac (or a similar NSAID) if tailored according to the individual patient requirements (titration strategy) or if delivered at a higher dose (eg, 0·15 mg/kg) is unfounded in the ED environment. Using a higher dose initially might be more effective but would increase the risk of higher side-effects without proven clinical superiority when greater than the 0·1 mg/kg dose.6Birnbaum A Esses D Bijur PE Holden L Gallagher EJ Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of two intravenous morphine dosages (0·10 mg/kg and 0·15 mg/kg) in emergency department patients with moderate to severe acute pain.Ann Emerg Med. 2007; 49: 445-453Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar The ED environment demands an ideal emergency analgesic to be safe, quick, and easy to administer; requiring less staff time and resources; and with a single rather than titrated first dose. We do agree that morphine titration could be useful as rescue analgesia in the few patients who do not experience sustained relief after the initial dose of NSAIDs. More clinical trials are needed to test this stepwise model and validate the results in different populations from our study population. We declare no competing interests. Titrated doses are optimal for opioids in pain trialsWe read with interest the study by Sameer Pathan and colleagues (May 14, p 1999),1 which compared the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac, intravenous morphine (0·1 mg/kg), and paracetamol in patients with renal colic. The investigators concluded that diclofenac offered the most effective analgesia. However, the way that opioids were administered was far from optimal and created a clear disadvantage in the morphine group, which precludes any definite conclusion. The choice of the appropriate dose of NSAID is simple because there is a ceiling effect; lower doses are recognised to be as efficient as higher doses. Full-Text PDF" @default.
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- W2518379402 date "2016-09-01" @default.
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- W2518379402 title "Titrated doses are optimal for opioids in pain trials – Authors' reply" @default.
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