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• W251859319 abstract "Investigations were conducted on sugar cane production in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa to compare and evaluate the nutrient utilisation efficiency of EM-treated organic-inorganically fertilised crops with those receiving chemical fertilisers only. The organic amendment used was CMS, a liquid by-product of the sugar cane industry with relatively high potassium content. This paper discusses application strategies of CMS and EM for the commercial production of sugar cane and the effects thereof on soil quality improvement, especially with respect to Ca+Mg/K ratios in intensively irrigated clay soils of relatively dry sub-tropical areas of South Africa. The effect of organic amendments and microbial inoculants on crop growth and yield, product quality, sucrose content and on total production costs is also discussed. Introduction The sugar cane industry is a well-established agricultural activity in South Africa. It was established in 1851. Production areas include the KwaZulu-Natal coastal and Underberg (Mpumalanga) areas (Anderson, 1979). Currently 426,797 ha of land is under sugar cane cultivation, a 6% increase since 1990. A total of 23,876,162 tonnes of cane were harvested during the 2000/1 production cycle, from which 2,729,219 tonnes of sugar have been extracted thus contributing significantly to the agronomics of South Africa (SASA, 2001). Production intensification has had a negative impact on the profitability of the industry as a whole. Substantial increases in production costs, particularly with respect to labour, chemical fertiliser and transport costs, have contributed negatively on the profitability of this industry and need to be addressed. Periodic droughts and prolonged periods of below-average rainfall, particularly in the Underberg area of Mpumapanga, have necessitated the use of irrigation to supplement the water requirements of the crop. This practice has resulted in increased soil salinity. Although sugar cane tolerance levels to saline soils is relatively high (Dickson et al., 1989) imbalances in the ratios of CA+Mg/ K and Na may have a negative effect on the uptake of K, a key element in optimal sugar cane production. In addition, regular burning of organic material subsequent to harvesting of the crop negatively affects soil fertility. This practice results in soil exhaustion as no organic material is returned to the soil. The negative effects of alkalinity in soils increases whilst buffer capacity decreases. The present investigation has the following aims: 1. To increase the sucrose content of sugar cane harvested through the introduction of organic amendments and microbial involvement. Simply increasing the yield of the sugar cane crop per hectare without increasing the sucrose content of the sugar cane harvested will not have a significant impact on the profitability of this industry; 2. To improve soil quality through the use of organic amendments and effective microbes (EM). The soil is of a heavy loam to clay type in which nutrients are fixed. These nutrients need to be released and made available to the sugar cane plant; 3. To reverse the negative effects of burning organic material between sugar cane production cycles by applying EM to the remaining plant material; and, 4. To gradually reduce the industry’s dependence on chemical fertilisers by gradually making greater use of organic amendments and effective microbes, while decreasing the dependence on chemical fertilisers and using them selectively. Materials and Experimental Plots Methods Three 8 ha blocks (24 ha) of the farm Bahati in the Komatipoort area of Mpumalanga were set-aside for evaluation purposes. The total area under cultivation was 45 ha, thus the experimental area represented roughly half of the total area under cultivation. The cultivar used is known as N14. The soil type of the area under cultivation is clay loam to loam. Soil quality is good, with no observable soil salination. The area under cultivation was irrigated by means of a drip irrigation system. The drip points were 1 m apart and irrigated at a rate of 2 l per hour. Fertilisation Programme A combination of chemical and organic constituents was used in the fertilisation programme of the experimental blocks at monthly intervals over a period of 5 months. The constituents were as follows: 5 tonnes CMS, 500 kg Kalmaphos, 180 kg Urea, 100 kg Sulphur. This represented approximately 150 kg/ha nitrogen; 50 kg/ha phosphorous and 250 kg/ha potassium. CMS was applied to the experimental blocks through the drip irrigation system at a rate of 2 tonnes for the first month and 1 tonne per month in months 2 to 4. A day after the CMS was administered 1 l of extended EM solution (1-1-20, Kyan et al., 1998) diluted in 2500 l water was applied to the experimental blocks through the irrigation system. The chemical fertilisation programme applied to the control blocks consisted of 5 CMS is a liquid by-product of the sugar cane industry and consists of: 5.5% Potassium, 1% Nitrogen, 0.3% Phosphate, 1% Calcium, 1.1% Sulphour. It also contains 63% crude protein made up of a number of amino acids and 6.6% reduced sugars, including furctose, sucrose and glycerol-all of which are microorganism growth stimulants. Kalmphos is a citric acid soluble organic fertiliser with the following constituents: 10% Potassium, 6% Magnesium, 21% Calcium, 10% Sulphur applications per month of: 150 kg Urea, 650 kg Multi-KS (Potassium and Nitrogen), 50 kg Mono Ammonium Phosphate (MAP), 25 kg Calcium Nitrate, 50 kg Sulphur 95, 1 kg Micrel FE819, 5 kg Micrel Mycrobox, 0.075 kg Sodium Molybdate. This represented approximately 164 kg/ha nitrogen; 11 kg/ha phosphorous and 247 kg/ha potassium. Moisture was maintained at 90% of field capacity as far as possible in both the experimental and control blocks." @default.
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• W251859319 date "2003-01-01" @default.
• W251859319 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W251859319 title "Investigations into the effect of effective microorganisms and organic amendments on sugar cane production in South Africa." @default.
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