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• W2529325791 abstract "The ability of bacteria to survive in hostile environments is essential to their persistence and pathogenesis. Some bacteria achieve this by forming spores [1], whereas others enter a state of very low metabolic activity, sometimes referred to as the Viable But Non-Culturable (VBNC) state [2, 3]. The description of the VBNC state given in this paragraph is a simplification of a complex and sometimes contentious literature [2–4]. The VBNC state is characterised by the cells being viable in terms of their ability to reduce dyes (indicating metabolic activity) or prevent uptake of dyes (indicating an intact membrane). However, VBNC cells do not form colonies on plates or grow when added to fresh media under ‘standard’ conditions [2, 3]. In some cases the bacteria can be cultured by using a specific protocol, and this is known as resuscitation. A resuscitation protocol is required to prove that bacteria are in a VBNC state [3]; otherwise this is only conjecture. The VBNC state can be induced by protocols such as low temperature and/or growth in oligotrophic media (lownutrient media such as lake water) or exposure to seawater. In at least some species the VBNC state is distinct from the starvation response, where the bacteria are still readily culturable on return to nutrient media. Physiological differences can be identified between the two states such as by proteome analysis [5] and cell wall changes [6], and these may prove to be more reliable diagnostics of the VBNC state. Part of the importance of understanding this state comes from its similarity to the dormant state of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs, where the pathogen can remain without symptoms for decades. Indeed up to a third of the world’s population are thought to be infected in this manner (World Health Organisation fact sheet no. 104; http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/). Only on the emergence of the M. tuberculosis from this dormant state, often when the patient’s immune system is suppressed, does chronic tuberculosis develop. A large number of foodborne pathogens, including enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni, probably persist in the environment in a VBNC state [7]. Hence, understanding how bacteria enter into and exit from the VBNC state has potential implications for detection and therapy. Visions & Reflections" @default.
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• W2529325791 date "2006-01-01" @default.
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• W2529325791 title "Visions & Reflections Bacterial resuscitation factors: revival of viable but non-culturable bacteria" @default.
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