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- W2531576657 abstract "Research was initiated in 1984 in an attempt to quantify and test possible hypotheses for the systematic decline and mortality of red spruce (Pieea rubens Sarg.) observed in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Field surveys have documented increases in decline symptoms. By 1986, 7% of all tagged red spruce trees in permanent plots were dead. This number, partially due to the effects of severe weather, increased to 41% in 1987. An insect and disease survey initiated in 1985 on 100 permanent plots has yielded little significant pathology or insect infestation. With the exception of the balsam wooly adelgid (Adelges picea (Ratz)), few signs or symptoms of disease or insect attack were noted on either Fraser fir (Abiesfraseri (Pursh Poir) or red spruce populations. Cultures from destructively-sampled root systems yielded few significant pathogens that could contribute to decline symptoms. Measurements of throughfall in 1986 yielded estimates of total wet deposition for NO3- and SO4 z- of 25 and 75 kg ha -t yr-% respectively. Using net throughfall quantities, we estimate that between 40 and 60% of this input was due to cloud impact. Mean-volume-weighted pH per cloud event was 3.5. Over 75% of the cloud events sampled had a pH < 4.0. Cloud and rain water was dominated by H +, NH4 +, NO3- , and $042- ions. Interaction with the forest canopy resulted in an enrichment of throughfall with base cations (K +, Ca 2+, and Mg 2+) and a loss of H + and NH4 +. Mean-volume- weighted pH for throughfall was 3.9. The effects of simulated acidic cloud water on the epicuticular waxes of red spruce needles were studied during the summer of 1987. The cuticle proper of both 1986 and 1987 needles did not appear to be damaged by the treatments. The wax crystals which constitute the stomatal wax plugs, however, exhibited substantial degradation by simulated treatments at or below pH 3.5." @default.
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- W2531576657 date "1989-01-01" @default.
- W2531576657 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W2531576657 title "FOREST D ECLINE IN THE B OREAL M ONTANE E COSYSTEMS O F THE S OUTHERN A PPALACHIAN M OUNTAINS" @default.
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