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• W253475585 abstract "I. Introduction A. Problems With Mass Torts Litigation II. Recent Cases Where Epidemiological Evidence Was Debated A. Vaccine Related Cases B. Non-Vaccine Related Cases III. General v. Specific Causation IV. Tensions Raised by the Epidemiological Evidentiary Standard V. Policy Implications of Epidemiological Evidence VI. Conclusion I. INTRODUCTION Courts sometimes deal with public health problems where the cause of harm to one individual or a group of individuals cannot be established. (1) In such cases, epidemiology is used to help define a relationship which links the harm and the cause. (2) In mass tort cases, epidemiologic studies are used either to refute or to support claims involving an increased risk of disease from exposure to a toxic substance. (3) Consequently, how to use epidemiology when deciding mass tort cases is becoming an increasingly important question in public health law. (4) Courts use epidemiological evidence to decide cases where a causal connection can be established between the exposure and the outcome. (5) In addition, courts use epidemiology events that either have no eyewitness or disproportionately involve certain types of products which 'traditional' forms of evidence of causation are lacking. (6) Recently, epidemiology has become a familiar form of proof in mass torts litigation, and those who are considered epidemiologists are often sought as expert witnesses in these cases. (7) However, the necessary evidentiary requirement of epidemiology studies occasionally does coincide well with the basic principles of causation in tort law. (8) For example, even when presented with overwhelming epidemiological evidence, juries have sometimes returned a verdict plaintiffs, (9) which indicates that some juries are convinced by epidemiological evidence. There are two imperative questions here: (1) how does epidemiology affect mass tort litigation; and (2) what relative weight should the courts give to epidemiological evidence? These questions are particularly significant in the area of causation. In order to establish causation, the plaintiff must demonstrate that it is probable than not that the harm being complained of would have occurred had the defendant followed the appropriate standard of care. (10) From prior case law, courts have derived rules causation, namely the for test and the factor test. (11) Under the first test, the defendant's conduct is deemed to be a cause of the harm the [harm] would have occurred but that conduct. (12) However, under the second test, the defendant's conduct is a cause of the harm if that conduct was a substantial factor in producing the harm. (13) The plaintiff bears the burden of proving causation, which is generally an issue of fact. (14) The plaintiff must introduce support indicating a reasonable basis the conclusion that the defendant's conduct was likely than ... a cause in fact of the outcome. (15) However, courts do require the plaintiff to establish the case beyond a reasonable doubt. (16) The plaintiff need entirely negate the possibility that something other than the defendant's conduct caused the harm. (17) It is sufficient the plaintiff to introduce evidence from which a reasonable person may conclude that it is more probable than that the defendant caused the event. (18) The preceding standard is generally known as the preponderance of the evidence standard, which means that it must be greater than fifty percent. (19) Unlike traditional tort law, which follows the preponderance of the evidence standard, epidemiology relies on statistical significance and is necessarily based on the greater half of the evidence. (20) In public health litigation, example, statistical evidence based on aggregate data is sometimes introduced to show that the defendants created a statistically significant increase in the likelihood that the harm would occur. …" @default.
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• W253475585 title "What Are the Policy Implications of Use of Epidemiological Evidence in Mass Torts and Public Health Litigation" @default.
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