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• W253838097 abstract "Belarus as a Mirror of CIS Transition Ten years ago several Eastern European communist regimes fell, and the countries of the former Warsaw Pact freed from Soviet dominance. The fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989 has become the main symbol of the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe. At that time, most people, whether key players (such as George Bush and Helmuth Kohl) or ordinary demonstrators in the streets, were by no means certain of the outcome.(1) Today, all the ups and downs in the process of transition notwithstanding, there are no doubts that Eastern Europe is moving West. It might be debatable whether it is a return to Western Europe or a new direction in the development of this region; however, it is a move away from communism and out of Russia's influence. These countries established democratic freedoms and market economies, had freely elected governments, and proclaimed the priority of liberal values. Three of them joined NATO last spring. It is still unclear how successfully a particular country is undergoing this transition or when a given country will join the European Union, but apparently there is no going for any of them. The point of no returns lies somewhere behind. In the former Soviet Union (FSU) countries, the transition is much more complex and in certain aspects contradictory. Officially, all of the countries proclaimed choosing the democratic way and undertook the appropriate first steps--multiple-candidate elections held, several political parties founded, independent media established, and liberal freedoms declared. However, an enormous gap is evident between the front stage and the back stage of their political performances. First, there alternative models of transformation: the fifteen post-Soviet republics selected different paths and strategies. The Baltic republics turned West and changed rapidly, but that was not the case for Central Asia where post-Communist leaders promised gradual reform, postponing full democratization and privatization until appropriate institutions in place.(2) Those countries have little reform, continued despotism, and ... much poverty and corruption. Some republics received substantial financial support from international organizations (the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and other financial institutions) and private Western investors; others had to rely on their own exhausted resources. Second, the desire for transformation and its practical implementation differ greatly, so that actual results do not coincide with theories. CIS-style democracy does not meet Western standards. Even the countries that are under strong U.S. influence--such as Kazakhstan, Ukraine, or Georgia--recently held presidential and/or parliamentary elections marked by numerous violations of rules and democratic norms, and dirty and unfair election campaigns.(3) Opposition leader and former prime minister Akezhan Kazhegeldin says that Kazakhstan suffers from despotism and corruption,(4) and the Russian newspaper Kommersant's observer opines that nobody believes in Nazarbaev's democracy any more.(5) Third, after the first wave of anticommunism, some of the post-Soviet republics are experiencing a renaissance of Communist influence: the Ukrainian Communist leader Petro Symonenko ran for the presidency in 1999 and finished second in the runoff, as did Russian Communist Gennady Zyuganov in 2000.(6) Perhaps, in more substantial terms, it should be considered more as a protest on slow reforms and miserable economics than a vote for Communists. Anyway, present-day Communists have become a more acceptable part of the political scene in several FSU republics. Fourth, almost all the republics are engaged in the process of nation building, and their politics is characterized mainly by a struggle between civil society--oriented and nationalist forces (parties, movements, and leaders). …" @default.
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• W253838097 date "2000-03-22" @default.
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• W253838097 title "The Walls That Have Yet to Fall" @default.
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