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• W2547274394 abstract "ISSN: 2410-8790 Pandey et al / Current Science Perspectives 2(3) (2016) 52-56 iscientic.org. www.bosaljournals/csp/ 53 editorcsp@bosaljournals.com varies the waste content of Bhopal as compare to others cities (Nagayama, 2010). The generation of solid waste depends upon the standard living of people, economical condition, the rate of literacy of population and historical or religious value of places (Agarwal et al., 2005; MOUD, 2005; Kumar and Goel, 2009). Municipal solid waste in bhopal comprise a big portion of biomass material such as paper, food, wood waste, clothes rage, plastics, vegetable, rubbers, polythene, tyres, and others daily used discarded materials. Since lacking of proper facilities in Bhopal city these discarded wastes are not dumped at ultimate place of rest so it creates a lot of hazardous environmental condition, sanitary losses of surrounding and distorting the aesthetic beauty of surrounding (Abbas et al., 2015; Adesola et al., 2016; Babarinde and Onyiaocha, 2016; Bilal et al., 2014; Bokhari et al., 2013; CPCB, 2004; Iqbal et al., 2013; Iqbal, 2016; Iqbal and Bhatti, 2014, 2015; Iqbal et al., 2014; Iqbal and Khera, 2015; Nagayama, 2010; Sharholy et al., 2008). Municipal solid waste is the result of human daily activities whether ineffective and inappropriate management system is used. So it may cause the environmental pollution and endangers the mankind’s health, wealth and other living and non living component of eco system (Iqbal and Nisar, 2015; Jamal et al., 2015; MSWM, 2003; Manzoor et al., 2013; Qureshi et al., 2015; Saeed et al., 2015; Ukpaka, 2016; Ukpaka et al., 2015; Ullah et al., 2013; Younas et al., 2015). On other hand, the conventional source of energy like fossil fuels and petroleum are depleting at rapid rates and it will sufficient only for 200 years farther if we are getting exploit it at the current rates (MSWM, 2003; Nagayama, 2010). Due to this threatening situation whole nation are seeking for an alternative source of energy. In this regard municipal solid waste can be taken as an opportunity to be a potential source of energy for power generation that can fulfill our energy demands or can be utilized properly in industries and agriculture sectors (Dasgupta, 2014; OECD, 1995; CPCB, 2000; 2004ab). To satisfying the energy demands through the use of renewable energy sources is a main agenda of government of india as well as state government, because it is directly concerned to the environmental issue, climate change and achieve the objective of sustainable developments (Akolkar, 2005; USAEAR., 2005). At present, to handle the solid waste properly in efficient way is a big challenge for municipal corporation Bhopal and government of Madhya Pradesh (Akolkar, 2005; GOI, 2003). The main objective of this paper is to give an overview of potential energy content of municipal solid waste in bhopal city so that energy can be derived from that waste as source of renewable energy. The analysis of generation and composition capacity of municipal solid waste will be main focus to establish amount of energy that can be extracted from municipal solid waste in Bhopal [5]. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE STATUS OF BHOPAL TILL END OF 2014 Municipal solid waste often called garbage is used to produce energy at solid waste to energy plants. The generation of energy from the waste varies from one place to another place worldwide hence energy content of Bhopal is different from the other cities. Metro cities like delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, chenni, hydrabad, bangluru etc. produces more and more waste and also utilized these waste for energy generation effectively as comparison to other cities of india. In Bhopal city urbanization is going on at rapidly rates hence the waste generation are increasing day by day. Bhopal has about 285.88sqkm of area with about 1844000 populations, according to census 2011 but at present population of Bhopal are more than 20 lacks (Oct. 2015). Average waste generation is about 365gm per capita per day and 700 tons per day (2015). As per a projection, the waste generation quantities are estimated to increase 886.5 metric tonnes per day in year 2021 from 569 metric tons in 2011 in Bhopal (Henry, 2006). BMC is planning and implementing various solutions for proper waste disposal in Bhopal city. Since the last three years, the Corporation has established door to door collection scheme in which about 6000 rag pickers and 300 rickshaw pullers are engaged for waste collection. Out of the 4.5 lacks households in Bhopal, waste is collected from at least 2.5 lacks households daily. This waste is either unloaded in the nearby dustbins or at the collection centre from where the municipal vehicles lift the garbage and dumps it at the Bhanpura dumpsite which is situated at Vidisha road of the city. Moreover, the habits of people throwing garbage here and there, leads to even more pollution in the city and an increased problem of management of garbage (CPCB, 2000; Goel, 2008). More than three decade old and about 90% filled to its capacity, this site is now inside municipal limits. Thus, there is a need for various technological options to cap the dumpsite scientifically and create a scientific landfill outside the municipal limits. For proper engaging these huge amount of municipal waste in Bhopal whole Bhopal city is divided in 18 municipal zonal offices for proper collection, transportation and disposal of these solid waste. BMC has identified and allotted a 60 acre land in Adampur for developing scientific landfill by using these waste to resolve the problems municipal solid waste in Bhopal city (GOI, 2003; NEERI, 2005). QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF MSW OF BHOPAL ISSN: 2410-8790 Pandey et al / Current Science Perspectives 2(3) (2016) 52-56 iscientic.org. www.bosaljournals/csp/ 54 editorcsp@bosaljournals.com There are many categories of MSW such as food waste, rubbish, commercial waste, industrial waste, institutional waste, street sweeping waste, construction and demolition waste, sanitation waste, worship waste. MSW contains recyclables (paper, plastic, polythene, glass, metals, etc.), toxic substances (paints, pesticides, used batteries, medicines, and electronics waste), compostable organic matter (fruit and vegetable peels, food waste) and soiled waste (blood stained cotton, sanitary napkins, disposable syringes (Nagayama, 2010). Characterization of the municipal waste shows that Bhopal has the highest proportion of mixed residue as organic material mixed with soil, mud, sand and other inert materials to the extent of 60%. This material has an organic content measured as volatile solids of approximately 20% and demonstrates the high inert or inorganic content of the waste. In these waste 21% carbonic material, 50% ash and dust, 9% paper and 13% plastic are broad composition of the garbage. The inert material is mostly dust, sand, sediments and soil, and is a large fraction of Indian MSW due to the largely unpaved areas. Fig. 1 shows chemical characteristics of MSW of Bhopal (BMC, 2014). The quantity of MSW generated depends on a number of factors such as food habits, high standard of living, degree of commercial activities, education back ground of population, religious value of place, seasonal and climate patterns. Data on quantity variation and generation are useful in planning for collection, treatment and disposal systems. Due to increasing the urbanization and changing life styles of people of Bhopal, solid waste generates more than it used to generate earlier (USAEAR., 2005; CPCB, 2004). Presently, about 90 million tons of solid waste are generated annually as by products of industrial, mining, municipal, agricultural and other processes in india and in which which bhopal individual contribute 700 tons per day and 255500 tons of municipal solid waste annually. Per capita generation rate of MSW in India ranges from 0.3 to 1.5 kg/ day and amount of MSW generated per capita is estimated to increase at a rate of 1–1.33% annually (MSWM, 2003). The composition and the quantity of MSW generated in Bhopal decide the basis on which the management system needs to be planned, designed and operated. The composition of MSW at generation sources and collection points was determined on a wet weight basis and it consists mainly of a large organic fraction (40–60%), ash and fine earth (20–30%), paper (9–12%) plastic(12-15%), glass and metals (each less than 1%) (EPA, 2010; MOUD, 2005; CPCB, 2000ab). REMARKS AND CONCLUSIONS More than 92% of the MSW generated in country is directly disposed on open dumping in an unsecure and unplanned manner Basically in India it has an agricultural country and particularly cities are congested and crowded and required special attention to MSW management Currently there is no any specific site for segregation of solid waste in Bhopal. It is manually done by Rag pickers at the origin site of solid waste at very small level. There is Fig. 1: Physical composition of solid waste in Bhopal city as average percentage value of total waste generated in India’s city.. 9.01" @default.
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• W2547274394 title "Characterisation of municipal solid waste generated from Bhopal, India" @default.
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