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• W2549202836 abstract "To the Editor: Wingsuit fatalities are increasing to epidemic levels. A major risk factor is flight path miscalculations.1Mei-Dan O. Monasterio E. Carmont M. Westman A. Fatalities in wingsuit BASE jumping.Wilderness Environ Med. 2013; 24: 321-327Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar Future areas of research should examine flying and training techniques, and it would be highly desirable if wingsuit flight training for both beginners and experts could be undertaken in a safe environment enabling detailed evaluations. A candidate technology for creating such an environment is the wind tunnel. The use of horizontal wind tunnels to simulate flight of anchored wing profiles has played a central role in the development of aircraft. Another type of wind tunnel is the vertical, in which gas flows directly opposite to the direction of gravitational acceleration, creating a force equilibrium at which untethered objects float on the pillar of ascending air; among applications are rotameters2Foregger R. The rotameter and the waterwheel.Anaesthesist. 2001; 50: 701-708Crossref PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar and skydiving simulators.3Metni N. Kitchen W. Mort K. Recirculating vertical wind tunnel skydiving simulator.US patent US 7156744 B2. 2007; Google Scholar Neither horizontal nor vertical wind tunnels can accommodate actual flight. A third type of wind tunnel is the inclined tunnel, with airflows directed obliquely upward, allowing sustained gliding flight. Using small wind tunnels that are tiltable as a whole, the flight of small animals has been studied.4Pennycuick C. Alerstam T. Hedenström A. A new low-turbulence wind tunnel for bird flight experiments at Lund University, Sweden.J Exp Biol. 1997; 200: 1441-1449PubMed Google Scholar, 5Henningsson P. Spedding G.R. Hedenström A. Vortex wake and flight kinematics of a swift in cruising flight in a wind tunnel.J Exp Biol. 2008; 211: 717-730Crossref PubMed Scopus (74) Google Scholar Further biology research is frustrated by physical dimensions and achievable flows, but variable inclination wind tunnels of greater capacity are difficult to construct with existing technology, since weight and size of recirculating wind tunnel systems limit what is feasible to tilt in its entirety. Using existing technology, it is virtually impossible to design training facilities for wingsuit flight. We hypothesized that by attaching a “bending knee” segment, having an adjustable relative inclination to a fixed (horizontal/vertical) recirculating wind tunnel system, capacity limitations can be mitigated since the rest of the recirculating system may be designed for maximum performance, regardless of dimensions or weight. By “stretching or bending” the “knee” and, simultaneously, adjusting the gas flow, conditions enabling sustained gliding flight in a controlled environment at a great range of angles of attack and airspeeds would be achievable. We also hypothesized that a “bending knee” segment can be attached (retrofitted) to any of the many existing horizontal or vertical recirculating wind tunnel systems in use today, facilitating a fast and inexpensive implementation. To test these hypotheses, we retrofitted a large horizontal wind tunnel with a proof-of-concept, variable angle, inclined test section of a design based on available wingsuit aerodynamics literature.6Robson G, Andrea RD. Longitudinal stability analysis of a jet-powered wingsuit. Proceedings of the AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference. August 2–5, 2010; Toronto, Ontario, Canada. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics AIAA 2010-7512:1–9.Google Scholar After trials in a specially designed safety system, on May 22, 2016, the principal author (70 kg, 1.79 m) was able to take off from the floor into sustained (40 s) wingsuit flight, demonstrating the basic functionality of the technology (Figure 1). We invite wingsuit pilots to consider its possible use in flight training but must emphasize that wingsuit flying in a wind tunnel never can foster the parachuting skills necessary for backcountry BASE jumping. Nevertheless, based on the considerable flying skills developments observed among ourselves during work with aerodynamic analysis of the proof-of-concept section (Figure 2), it is suggested that variable inclination wind tunnels may provide desirable conditions for comparably safe and efficient wingsuit flight training. It is quite possible that ambitious wingsuit flying indoors may lead to the development of yet-unknown, tunnel-specific flight techniques; the transferability of such skills, and their interaction with new suit designs, to outdoor wingsuit flying remains to be systematically investigated, including the classic question of landing a wingsuit without a parachute.1Mei-Dan O. Monasterio E. Carmont M. Westman A. Fatalities in wingsuit BASE jumping.Wilderness Environ Med. 2013; 24: 321-327Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar Wearable gyroscopes may be of some benefit in such studies. The testing of new wingsuit designs under comparably safe and controlled conditions may enable manufacturers to improve both performance and safety of future glide ratio–enhancing garments. Human flight with—or, given higher airspeeds, without—wingsuits in a controlled environment may enable biomechanics studies, and it seems reasonable to assume that variable inclination wind tunnels of greater capacity may spur developments in animal flight research, such as the study of greater wingspans and airspeeds, flocking behavior, and aspects of flapping-wing flight. The possibility is also raised for developments in vehicle flight research, as well as training and research in sports having aerodynamics variables (eg, Nordic ski jumping). eyJraWQiOiI4ZjUxYWNhY2IzYjhiNjNlNzFlYmIzYWFmYTU5NmZmYyIsImFsZyI6IlJTMjU2In0.eyJzdWIiOiJhNjYzYjRlZjNhNjRmMTMyZDM4YzZkZWM0YjNhN2ZhMCIsImtpZCI6IjhmNTFhY2FjYjNiOGI2M2U3MWViYjNhYWZhNTk2ZmZjIiwiZXhwIjoxNjc4NzQ1NDAwfQ.cK_Np4iMuEryFtfQ3zqD5EIBvpGdBNmrM_lSeHilJrVe_cSCg7mc2loImJETwCw7qLQxxSRW3qPu1FcFPttw68VlAKJu_Oin-VNe8eECWMMl3duZOAFm5gjcE3Ol_BpgKr3rlD6-Z-QyHSF5P3tlz6_y3rAcAveJZRvCR-ICuqrhx6D5Kz2Pc-7X_3lAfyfSPgbHOYT85cfYWK1SBkoyun5McK7ieamC7J2i966SgvI3WZymGyjz53Nn2-fdX4RcNHdlH3hE19ZXIOIhTXl0GhmLIN4Q_-sKtxC1nn85xFQ1cXamslhLpa6TDSiTx96OWU9yz7HyM2vxG1DVDgMVTQ Download .mp4 (70.15 MB) Help with .mp4 files Video of the first sustained untethered human flight in an inclined wind tunnel, May 22, 2016. The airflow was 27 m/s directed obliquely upwards." @default.
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• W2549202836 date "2017-03-01" @default.
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• W2549202836 title "Inclined Wind Tunnel for the Study of Human and Large Animal Flight" @default.
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• W2549202836 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2016.08.004" @default.
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