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• W2552272010 abstract "Modernity and Anniston’s Transformation From “Model City” to “Toxic Town” H. Hugh Floyd (bio) and M. Ryan Floyd (bio) After the civil war, many believed that industrialization would revive the American South. Atlanta Constitution editor Henry Grady asserted that the region needed to expand its economy by reducing its dependence on King Cotton and opening its doors to industry. Speaking to an audience in December 1886, Grady claimed that “[t]he South, under the rapid diversification of crops and diversification of industries, is thrilling with new life.” Transforming the southern economy would, he claimed, make the South financially solid and help it to enter the modern era. Grady also promoted the region’s abundance of natural resources and charged that southerners should use them to manufacture goods that could be sold across the globe.1 This “New South Creed” became a popular sentiment for southerners and outside investors who saw the potential for southern economic growth. The desire to make a profit from a modernized South convinced many southerners to recruit companies to their communities and, in some cases, establish new cities surrounding particular industries. Over the next one hundred years the push for industrialization helped the South become the Sunbelt, drawing businesses away from the Northeast and in turn providing employment for many southern workers. The diversification of the southern economy, however, did not occur without costs. Across the South, economic growth often trumped environmental and public [End Page 217] health concerns. Consequently, people in numerous industrialized communities throughout the region discovered that their rivers, soil, and air had become polluted by the very factories and mills that they had courted. 2 One of these modern communities was Anniston, Alabama. In building their New South city, Anniston’s founders, Georgia railcar wheel manufacturer Samuel Noble and former Union General Daniel Tyler, had two objectives. They wanted to construct a profitable closed community that could reap financial rewards from the expanding iron industry of the South and to ensure the well-being of its resident workforce. Thus they hoped to establish a socially responsible market economy in which they could benefit from the expanding New South and protect the skilled laborers from the ills attributed to industrialization in the North. Despite their efforts, Noble and Tyler’s business-minded and idealistic goals proved incompatible. Anniston did not blossom into the community they first envisioned. Like many of its southern counterparts, Anniston was consumed by its growing appetite for commercial expansion, which opened the town to less socially conscious outsiders. As a result, Anniston faced some of the unintended consequences of modernity. Once the city welcomed the bio-chemical industry in the early 1900s, its population experienced deception, collusion, and exploitation in the search for a “miracle product”: Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). The production of PCBs caused enormous environmental damage to neighborhoods surrounding the plant and to Alabama’s lakes. In addition to the development of PCBs, Anniston welcomed the introduction of Fort McClellan as a source of potential jobs for local citizens; however, over time the government turned the fort into a center for the incineration of Cold War-era bio-chemical [End Page 218] weapons. The Army’s decision to destroy hazardous chemicals caused concern among Anniston’s residents because they feared the chemicals could leak into the atmosphere and threaten their lives. Thus, Noble and Tyler’s capitalistic utopia collapsed as Anniston evolved from “model city” into one of the nation’s most significant toxic communities. Scholars have addressed certain aspects of Anniston’s economic development and the environmental crisis it now faces.3 This interdisciplinary study, however, brings together historical analysis and sociological theory. The socio-historical approach provides a new perspective on the city’s dramatic transformation. Through information collected from focus groups, interviews with individual community leaders, and the examination of records this study traces the long-term consequences of historical decisions and emphasizes the emotional strain that local residents experienced in the wake of their community’s environmental transformation.4 in the late 1800s, investors searched throughout the south for economic opportunities.5 This included central Alabama, with its large quantities of relatively untouched veins of iron ore. In the beginning Alabama..." @default.
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• W2552272010 date "2016-01-01" @default.
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• W2552272010 title "Modernity and Anniston’s Transformation From “Model City” to “Toxic Town”" @default.
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• W2552272010 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/ala.2016.0016" @default.
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