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• W2553577119 abstract "Numerous accounts of predator activity in fish hatcheries have been published (e.g., Lagler [1939], Naggiar [1974], Scanlon et al. [1978]), but investigators disagree about whether all species classified as predators are responsible for significant losses of fish (Cottam and Uhler 1936, Hewitt 1936, Hoover 1936, Pough 1936, Morrison 1975, Randall 1975). The search for effective means of controlling predators probably has continued since the beginning of fish culture. Often outright elimination was the preferred solution, but because of protective wildlife legislation, many fish culturists believe that they are now being overwhelmed by increasing populations of these protected species. The views and needs of the hatchery manager sometimes conflict with the goals and beliefs of animal preservation groups. Recent reintroduction programs for piscivorous species, such as the osprey (Pandion haliaetus) and river otter (Lutra canadensis), have only heightened this conflict. The need for effective yet humane control techniques is clear. Some progress has been made in solving the problem. Using a poll of federal hatchery managers, Scanlon et al. (1978) found that, although certain piscivorous birds were viewed as severe problems, many others were not worthy of concern. Ostergaard (1981) reported that monofilament lines effectively deterred gull (Larinae) predation. Svensson (1976) successfully used water spray devices to reduce losses of fish to birds. Yet, the effectiveness of different methods for reducing losses of fish varies widely among hatcheries (Mott 1978, Salmon and Conte 1981). Managers frequently express confusion and uncertainty when having to consult regulatory agencies. Most regulations applicable to hatcheries, such as facility certification, permits for sale or transport of fish, and restrictions on fish species allowable for culture or importation, are administered by fisheries agencies. These are also the first agencies contacted by many managers seeking assistance with predators. However, regulations pertaining to wildlife species responsible for fish losses are administered by wildlife agencies. Although wildlife personnel can provide necessary information about protective status of certain wildlife species, special permits for control of nuisance species, and predator control devices, little opportunity to do so exists without effective interagency communication. Confounding the confusion for managers is that, at both the federal le l and in many states, fisheries and wildlife agencies are combined under 1 organizational unit of government. Thus, successfully reaching the proper authority can often be tedious and time consuming. As a preliminary step in our investigation of depredation, we conducted a survey with 4 objectives: (1) to identify predators in different types of hatcheries so that later research could be directed to the most damaging species, (2) to examine characteristics of hatcheries that may encourage or discourage predator activity, (3) to document the types and efficacies of" @default.
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• W2553577119 date "1987-01-01" @default.
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• W2553577119 title "A survey of wildlife depredation and control techniques at fish- rearing facilities" @default.
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