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- W2553583720 abstract "Saxitoxin (STX), Neosaxitoxin (NEO) and Gonyautoxins (GTXs) I-IV form a carbamate subgroup of hydrophilic Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs) that can be found in shellfish that have fed upon red tide algae. Analytical methods to detect these toxins have been developed primarily for the analysis of contaminated shellfish. Diagnostic tests for measuring exposure to these toxins is limited to a single urinalysis method for STX and NEO and is confirmed by analysis of unconsumed shellfish. Validated diagnostic methods to measure exposure to GTXs from urine do not exist and are needed for accurate diagnosis of paralytic shellfish poisoning. Here we describe solid phase extraction (SPE) approaches to extract GTXs from urine in an effort to develop an analytical diagnostic method for GTX exposure. Three SPE sorbents have been explored in this study: mixedmode strong cationic exchange, weak cationic exchange, and mixed-mode weak anionic exchange. No toxins were recovered from weak anion exchange extractions. Weak cationic exchange shows higher recoveries for GTXs than strong cationic exchange and may be useful for measuring high-level exposures. However, extraction efficiencies are low due to urine matrix effects on the extraction and future improvements on the method are needed for measuring low-level exposures." @default.
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- W2553583720 date "2015-01-01" @default.
- W2553583720 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W2553583720 title "Development of a Solid Phase Extraction Method to Extract Gonyautoxins from Urine" @default.
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