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- W2553616515 abstract "THERE are many different ways of conducting a govern ment. In the United States the executive authority is both more formally centralized in the President and more sharply separated from the legislature than in most democracies. This is particularly true of the conduct of foreign affairs, where the authority of the President has been seriously challenged only in those rare instances, such as the Versailles Treaty or the Vietnam war, when he seems to be grossly ignoring or overrid ing the opinions both of the Congress and of the public. In general, he has been free to conduct foreign affairs more or less as he chooses, to use traditional instruments, to set up new ones or to carry on diplomacy from his own hip pocket. There is little use arguing whether or not he has the constitutional right to do so. As our government is organized, he has both the re sponsibility and the power. Critics in or out of the Congress can make things difficult for him, but they can neither conduct for eign affairs themselves nor prevent him from doing so. Of course, a wise President will consult the Congress closely, in fact as well as in form, on matters of major import, which recent Presidents have often foolishly failed to do. Our concern here, however, is with the instruments which Presidents use for the conduct of foreign affairs. Up until the 1930s the instrument was almost always the traditional one, the Secretary and Department of State, except in those not infre quent cases where a strong President, such as Theodore Roose velt and Woodrow Wilson, chose to carry on a particular exer cise in diplomacy himself, sometimes with the help of a personal adviser or emissary. Nevertheless, as late as 1931, President Hoover, though not himself inexperienced in foreign affairs, relied on Secretary Stimson to deal, in so far as the United States was prepared to deal, with the Manchurian crises. Franklin D. Roosevelt, however, just at the moment when the rise to power of ambitious dictators in both Europe and Asia made inevitable much deeper American involvement in foreign affairs, named as Secretary of State, almost entirely for domestic political reasons, an eminent Senator, Cordell Hull, who had" @default.
- W2553616515 created "2016-11-30" @default.
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- W2553616515 date "1971-01-01" @default.
- W2553616515 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
- W2553616515 title "The Instruments of American Foreign Policy" @default.
- W2553616515 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/20037887" @default.
- W2553616515 hasPublicationYear "1971" @default.
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