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- W2554096265 startingPage "125" @default.
- W2554096265 abstract "Biogas and syngas can be upgraded to produce a variety of products. Biogas (primarily containing methane and CO2) is generated from waste biomass via anaerobic digestion. Biogas contains a significant amount of impurities (e.g., H2S, NH3 and siloxane) and therefore, a cleaning procedure is generally required prior to applications. Cleaning methods such as pressurized water scrubbing, pressure swing adsorption, amine absorption and membrane permeation can be employed alone or combined to remove impurities. Syngas (primarily containing hydrogen and CO), can be produced from gasification of biomass and coal and also can be produced from biogas reforming. Impurities such as particulate matter, H2S and tars have to be removed or reduced prior to upgrading. Physical approaches, mainly compression and liquefaction, have been applied to upgrade biogas to Bio-CNG (compressed natural gas) and LBG (liquefied biogas). For chemical approaches, catalytic reforming is the dominant method for converting methane to syngas and hydrogen. Methanol can be produced by either direct oxidation of methane or biological fermentation of biogas. Syngas is an important intermediate resource for the production of hydrogen, methanol, ethanol, higher alcohols, acetate and hydrocarbons. Syngas fermentation directly produces methanol, ethanol and acetate under mild operating conditions with high conversion rate, but the major challenges are the slow gas-to-liquid mass transfer and low yield. The catalytic conversion methods are able to efficiently convert syngas to alcohols and hydrocarbons, generally under high temperature and with catalysts. The selectivity of end-products and deactivation of catalysts are the two major technical hurdles." @default.
- W2554096265 created "2016-11-30" @default.
- W2554096265 creator A5048277748 @default.
- W2554096265 creator A5086970299 @default.
- W2554096265 date "2016-01-01" @default.
- W2554096265 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
- W2554096265 title "Biogas and Syngas Upgrading" @default.
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- W2554096265 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aibe.2016.09.003" @default.