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• W2559116415 abstract "The notion of inadequate long-term-strength and creep characteristics of metallic materials in the steam pipes of thermal power plants, which are obtained from laboratory uuiaxial-tension testing of transverse specimens formed from the material in the initial state and after sustained operation, as well as in-service measurement of changes in the diameters ofsteam pipes using weld-on bosses, is confirmed experimentally. When stresses and temperatures are comparable during testing and operation, the long-term-strength characteristics obtained from the material damaged in service are lower, while those of minimum creep rates are higher than similar characteristics of the material in the initial state. The latter, in turn, are lower and higher, respectively, than similar characteristics obtained by direct measurements of strain increments on the steam pipes. These long-term-strength and creep characteristics obtained from uniaxial-tension tests of solid cylindrical transverse specimens should not be used as criteria for estimating the remaining life of steam pipes operating under internal pressure, i.e., a complex stress state when the circumferential stress in the pipe is adopted as the stress sufficient in a standard specimen subjected to uniaxial-tension tests. Analysis of in-service damage to metallic materials in thick-wall steam pipes operating under conditions promoting high-temperature creep suggests that laws governing residual creep strain of the material in the structure (steam pipe) are distinguished numerically from analogous characteristics obtained during uniaxial-tension testing of standard cylindrical specimens in the laboratory. This appreciably complicates the solutions of problems involving the assessment and prediction of the remaining life of the materials in steam pipes damaged as a result of sustained operation. It is noted in review [1] that as early as 1955, Phinney and Heller were probably the first to present 20-year measurement data on the in-service creep-induced increase in the diameters of steam pipes in comparison with the characteristics of steady-state creep, which are obtained during the laboratory tension testing of standard cylindrical specimens formed from the same material in the initial state. It is established by calculation that for the experiment cited, the rate of steady-state creep of steam-pipe material while operating under an internal pressure (due to circumferential stress) amounted to 0.316 of the rate of steady-state creep obtained during the testing of a standard solid cylindrical specimen under the same stress and at the same temperature. Roberts et al. [1] also make references to other earlier [2] research in which it is demonstrated that after steam pipes have been in service for 150,000-200,000 hours, the slope of the primary in-service creep curves (due to circumferential stress) is lower than that of the primary creep curves obtained during the uniaxial tensioning of standard solid cylindrical specimens formed from the material in the initial state. The phenomenon in question, which conforms to an established rule, is explained by the difference in the stress states of the material in the pipe structure and in the specimens during uniaxial-tension tests in the laboratory. Two possible approaches to solution of remaining-life problems are noted: 1) the plotting of secondary long-term strength diagrams and their extrapolation to the level of the working stress at the operating temperature; and, 2) comparison of the rates of steady-state creep obtained during measurement of developing deformation in a steam pipe (with respect to bosses) with the rate of steady-state creep attained during the uniaxial tensioning of a standard test specimen. Both approaches are destructive. A number of other criteria have been proposed in recent years for estimating the remaining life of steam-pipe material: force, deformation (the same as that noted above), structural, criteria based on the change in material density and linear summation of relative longevities, the equivalent-parameter method, etc. The overwhelming majority of the these criteria are destructive, and are associated with the need to cut specimens from steam-pipe systems, and prepare and test them over broad bases with subsequent extrapolation to the level of the operating stresses using temperature-time methods." @default.
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• W2559116415 date "1996-01-01" @default.
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• W2559116415 title "STEAM PIPES IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS" @default.
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