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• W2559867872 abstract "High-elevation habitats offer ecological advantages including reduced competition, predation, and parasitism [1Jankowski J.E. Londoño G.A. Robinson S.K. Chappell M.A. Exploring the role of physiology and biotic interactions in determining elevational ranges of tropical animals.Ecography. 2013; 36: 1-12Crossref Scopus (84) Google Scholar]. However, flying organisms at high elevation also face physiological challenges due to lower air density and oxygen availability [2Altshuler D.L. Dudley R. The physiology and biomechanics of avian flight at high altitude.Integr. Comp. Biol. 2006; 46: 62-71Crossref PubMed Google Scholar]. These constraints are expected to affect the flight maneuvers that are required to compete with rivals, capture prey, and evade threats [3Altshuler D.L. Flight performance and competitive displacement of hummingbirds across elevational gradients.Am. Nat. 2006; 167: 216-229Crossref PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar, 4Moore T.Y. Biewener A.A. Outrun or outmaneuver: predator–prey interactions as a model system for integrating biomechanical studies in a broader ecological and evolutionary context.Integr. Comp. Biol. 2015; 55: 1188-1197PubMed Google Scholar, 5Dudley R. Mechanisms and implications of animal flight maneuverability.Integr. Comp. Biol. 2002; 42: 135-140Crossref PubMed Scopus (98) Google Scholar]. To test how individual maneuvering performance is affected by elevation, we measured the free-flight maneuvers of male Anna’s hummingbirds in a large chamber translocated to a high-elevation site and then measured their performance at low elevation. We used a multi-camera tracking system to identify thousands of maneuvers based on body position and orientation [6Segre P.S. Dakin R. Zordan V.B. Dickinson M.H. Straw A.D. Altshuler D.L. Burst muscle performance predicts the speed, acceleration, and turning performance of Anna’s hummingbirds.eLife. 2015; 4: e11159Crossref PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar]. At high elevation, the birds’ translational velocities, accelerations, and rotational velocities were reduced, and they used less demanding turns. To determine how mechanical and metabolic constraints independently affect performance, we performed a second experiment to evaluate flight maneuvers in an airtight chamber infused with either normoxic heliox, to lower air density, or nitrogen, to lower oxygen availability. The hypodense treatment caused the birds to reduce their accelerations and rotational velocities, whereas the hypoxic treatment had no significant effect on maneuvering performance. Collectively, these experiments reveal how aerial maneuvering performance changes with elevation, demonstrating that as birds move up in elevation, air density constrains their maneuverability prior to any influence of oxygen availability. Our results support the hypothesis that changes in competitive ability at high elevations are the result of mechanical limits to flight performance [7Feinsinger P. Colwell R.K. Terborgh J. Chaplin S.B. Elevation and the morphology, flight energetics, and foraging ecology of tropical hummingbirds.Am. Nat. 1979; 113: 481-497Crossref Google Scholar]." @default.
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• W2559867872 date "2016-12-01" @default.
• W2559867872 modified "2023-09-30" @default.
• W2559867872 title "Mechanical Constraints on Flight at High Elevation Decrease Maneuvering Performance of Hummingbirds" @default.
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• W2559867872 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.028" @default.
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