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• W2560893614 abstract "Pre-Oldowan >2.0 MYA (Africa) General: bipolar technique; cores (‘choppers’), discoids, flakes used as cutting tools, cores multipurpose for hammerstones, pounding activities; not yet standardized tool forms, absent retouch on flakes (SS1997, KM1994) Yiron, northern rift, Israel (K/Ar on overlying basalt) 2.39 MYA (RA2006, 1991) Flint, few cores, mostly flakes, 2 retouched, (1 scraper, 1 blade fragment) (RA2006, 1991) [radial discoid?, regular retouch in Africa = classic Oldowan; awl and Karari –like core = Developed Oldowan A]? ‘Classic’ Oldowan ~1.7-2.0 MYA (Africa) General: hammerstone/anvil bipolar continues adding direct percussion in hand; cores: choppers, polyhedrons, discoids, spheroids and subspheroids. Standardized small tools appear: ‘light and heavy-duty’ scrapers on flakes or fragments, rare burins and protobifaces; utilized unmodified flakes; rare worked bone (LM 1971) Dmanisi , Kura River Basin, Georgia Level V-IV fauna, tools, all hominid remains (fauna and normal mag. Olduvai = 1.77-1.95 MYA (K/Ar on lava underlying) 1.8±0.1 MYA (Ar/Ar on lava underlying) 2.0±0.1 MYA (BO1994, 1998) (Ar/Ar) 1.85±0.01 MYA more precise, and fossil and artifacts Unit B Matayama and fauna suggest age slightly 90% artifacts Throughout all levels: ‘Pre-Oldowan’, corechoppers, primarily unmodified flakes, rare retouched flakes, cores, 1 burin, few worked bones (Dzaparidze et al 1989) absence of small retouched tools hence ‘pre-Oldowan’ // East Africa 2.55 MYA, Barranco Leon 1.3 MYA , Fuente Nueva 3 1.2 MYA (LH2005) 1 skull, 1 braincase, 1cranium, 775 and 600 cc, Homo ergaster (// Koobi Fora) (GL2000) closer to H. rudolfensis than ergaster, ergo H. georgicus (LM2006, LH2005) or ‘close to stem of H. erectus’ (RG2006) ‘Argues for an early preAcheulean migration outof-Africa and into Asia’ (LG2000); variant of H. erectus (GD2006) Ursus etruscus, Canis sp., Pachycrocuta sp., Homotherium (scimtartoothed cat),Meganetereon whitei (sabre-toothed cat), Panthera, Mammuthus meridionalis, Equus stenonis, Dicerorhinus etruscus, Sus sp.,Gazella borbonica, Dama nestii, Cervus sp. Dmanisibos georgicuss, Caprin gen., Ovis sp., Leporinae, gen, Cricetuls, sp. Marmota sp., Sturthio dmanisensis (Dzaparidze et al 1989) (BO1994, 1998; GL2000)" @default.
• W2560893614 created "2017-01-06" @default.
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• W2560893614 date "2007-01-01" @default.
• W2560893614 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2560893614 title "SYNOPSIS OF THE PALEOLITHIC" @default.
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