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- W2560998664 abstract "Bees are used by mankind for several thousand years, but theirimmune system is still far from being fully understood andmoreover we still don’t have clear idea about all immunemechanisms which mediate bees’ response to their pathogens.These pathogens negatively influence life of the bees and veryoften even their viability causing direct impact on agricultureand industry. Detailed knowledge of bee immunity is crucial forsuccessful fight against bee diseases; that’s why we areassembling repertoire of immune methods applicable on bees thatwould enable to evaluate current state of their immunity andhelp us in proper disease control. General ability of bees todeal with bacterial infection is well characterized byantibacterial activity of their hemolymph. Total antibacterialactivity against Gram negative bacteria is detectable by realtime measurement of bioluminescence produced by bacteriaEscherichia coli K12; the bioluminescence signal is equal tobacterial viability which is decreased by antibacterial factorsin hemolymph to at least 55 % in healthy bees. Many effectorsacting against Gram positive bacteria were already identifiedin hemolymph of bees; as marker of their activity we selectedthe activity of lysozyme, a well characterized enzyme damagingpeptidoglycan in cell walls. Commonly used radial zonediffusion assay turned out to be ineffective to determine thelevel of lysozyme, because of its low sensitivity threshold andthe need for large sample volumes. Alternatively, using ELISAkit for lysozyme we determined its level in hemolymph in rangefrom 0.1 to 15 ng/ml. Infection agents activate also stressresponse leading to changes in antioxidant capacity ofhemolymph and activity of particular antioxidant enzymes. TRAPwas used to describe total antioxidant capacity in bees andcould be complemented by colorimetric measurement of superoxidedismutase and glutathione S-transferase activity." @default.
- W2560998664 created "2017-01-06" @default.
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- W2560998664 date "2013-09-29" @default.
- W2560998664 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
- W2560998664 title "Bee immune system and methods evaluating its immune parameters" @default.
- W2560998664 hasPublicationYear "2013" @default.
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