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• W2561284358 abstract "Abstract: This short article provides an analysis of why reform is not advancing in Ukraine. It focuses on four explanations: oligarchs, economic policy, governance, and political parties. It is part of an occasional series of non-peer-reviewed articles designed to explain on-going current events. ********** Ukraine has been undergoing a quadruple transition of democratization, marketization, state- and nation-building during the last quarter century. (1) In the course of a decade, in 2004 and 2014, Ukraine experienced two mass protests against election fraud (Orange Revolution) and in support of European integration and against President Viktor Yanukovych's kleptocratic and violent regime (Revolution of Dignity more commonly known as the Euromaidan). Although much has been accomplished during Ukraine's quadruple transition, the structural impediments to reforms in Ukraine remains deeply entrenched. The factors underpinning these impediments have remained largely immune from reforms conducted during periodic spurts under Prime Minister Viktor Yushchenko in the early 2000s, and following the Orange Revolution and Euromaidan. Ukraine's oligarchs and shadow economy continue to remain stable and have been long-term facets of Ukrainian life for over two decades. Genuine political parties, in contrast to leader's fan clubs or oligarch-funded election projects, have yet to emerge in Ukraine. Good governance remains a distant prospect as Ukraine's ruling elites continue to be unaccountable for their actions, criminal prosecutions are non-existent, and high-level abuse of office continues unabated and unashamedly. Tensions in Ukraine are palpable between a more politically mature civil society and citizens and a ruling elite that seeks to preserve what Joel S. Heilman described as the reformed equilibrium. (2) Heilman argued that short-term winners gain considerable rents from distortions in partially reformed economies which creates considerable costs to the state and society. Short-term winners need to be restrained and integrated into the process for economic reforms to be instituted. Without resolving the question of the winners, Ukraine will continue to be stuck in its reformed and could be subjected to periodic cycles of revolution, domestic disillusionment, and Ukraine fatigue abroad, followed by stagnation and counter revolution, as in 2010, or another democratic revolution. Corrupt post-communist states, such as Romania and Bulgaria, resolved their partially reformed equilibrium when they were offered membership by the European Union (EU). Ukraine's Association Agreement and Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA) were fashioned under the Eastern Partnership as integration into Europe without a membership perspective. Enlargementlite, (3) as this has been termed, is premised on a naive assumption that ruling elites in Ukraine and other Eastern Partnership members will change their short-term rent seeking horizons and undertake painful unpopular reforms that would benefit the country in the medium to long terms. But, Ukrainian and other kleptocratic elites have continued after the Euromaidan to prioritize rent seeking over their country's national interests. This problem became evident with the scandal surrounding the leaking of information from the Panama documents about President Petro Poroshenko, who set up offshore accounts in Panama in 2014 as Ukraine was in the midst of a war with Russia. (4) This article analyzes four long-term structural obstacles to reforms that have created a weak democracy in Ukraine: oligarchs, economy, good governance and political parties. Oligarchs Anders Aslund points to Ukraine as a country where oligarchs have captured the state to a degree greater than in most countries. (5) During the 1990s former state directors, Komsomol functionaries, and organized crime leaders transformed into tycoons and oligarchs with the patronage of President Leonid Kuchma. …" @default.
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• W2561284358 date "2016-03-22" @default.
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• W2561284358 title "Structural Impediments to Reforms in Ukraine" @default.
• W2561284358 hasPublicationYear "2016" @default.
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