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• W2563261595 abstract "in Spanish Placencia, un pueblo costeno del sur de Belice, actualmente esta cambiando su base economica de la pesca al turismo. Inspirada en la teoria de la dependencia y usando un analysis cuantitivo y cualitativo este reporte examina el cambio economico de Placencia. Como una economia de pesca el pueblo obtiene una variedad amplia de recursos marinos principalmente para su consumo propio y un mercado local limitado. El alto precio de la langosta y el caracol que se paga en los Estados Unidos causo por una decada explotacion la lucrativa de estos recursos marinos y la exitosa organizacion de una cooperativa de pescadores aprovada por el gobierno. Este exito provoco la pesca desmesurada y atrajo a pescadores de otras partes de Belice y pescadores furivos de Guatemela y Honduras. Las ganacias de la langosta y el caracol empezaron a bajar mas y mas rapido despues de 1990. El Pueblo empezo a tener negocios relacionados con el turismo, formal e informal. Usando informacion de KEY/From Fishing to Tourism in Belize 2 campo y archivada de Belice America Central, intento analizar el cambio de la pesca al turismo. [Translated by Karl Stover] This paper examines the political economy of the transition of fishing to tourism in Placencia, Belize. Belize is noted throughout the Caribbean for the success of its fishing cooperatives. Yet Placencia’s cooperative is declining in production due to dependence on external markets, over exploitation of fishing grounds and the lack of a diversified economy of goods produced along side the governmental priority for tourism as a form of development. Dependency theory originated with economists and academics concerned with the economic failure in Latin America (Frank, 1979; dos Santos 1974). Andre Gunder Frank was one of the major contributors of the dependency position. He argues that the periods of merchant capitalism and colonialism forced specialization of production of Third World countries that was primarily export oriented and geared to the imperial powers needs. Even the third world elites are incorporated into this system. They are the intermediaries between the purchasers and the peasant producers. Frank argued that there is a “chain of dependency running down from the metropolises and satellites, that extends from the world metropolises down to the hacienda or rural merchant who are satellites of the local commercial metropolitan center but who in turn have peasants as their satellites” (Frank, 1967:32). Frank’s theoretical framework on dependency and underdevelopment is helpful in understanding Belize on the surface. Several of Frank’s concepts are of importance such as peripheral countries are capitalistic in nature and not pre-capitalistic and are a direct result of merchant capitalism. The development of the core causes the underdevelopment of the periphery by surplus flows to the core from the periphery through unequal market relations. These market relations not only consist of financial resources but also natural resources. Dependency theory yields little insight to how the transfer of surplus is exchanged from the periphery to the core. Frank’s framework is linear in that he sees the exploitation from the core to the periphery as a single chain of events that are static in nature. However this does not explain what happens at the local level and the mechanisms that facilitate the transfer of surplus value. In Belize there exists an informal and a formal sector of the work force. The informal sector consists of all income producing activities that form a coherent whole, not only for the household but for the economic systems survival. “The concept of informal sector thus encompasses all income producing activities outside formal sector wages and social security payments” (Portes, 1981:87). The informal economy is not a result of spontaneous or undirected activities but the result of state intervention in the regulation of economic KEY/From Fishing to Tourism in Belize 3 activities. The informal economy develops and changes not as a result of intrinsic characteristics but from the social definition of state intervention. (Portes, 1989:32). The presence of the informal economy will vary across countries and localities and will be dependent upon historical circumstances. Thus any change in the regulated economy also imposes changes in the informal economy such that the informal opportunities are continually changing and reforming themselves as a direct result of world capitalistic accumulation. Laclau (1971) points out that the crucial problem is to know how the surplus that is transferred is produced and whether there are any specific features of the productive system that limit its development. As he suggests, capitalistic enterprises in the third world countries may employ wage labor, yet these workers depend on other means of support such as animal husbandry and garden cultivation. Therefore capitalism unites with, rather than completely engulfs, the local social and economic system. While other sources of income may be intertwined with wage labor, the view of this paper is not one of the preservation of a traditional subsistence sector, residing along side or articulating (Laclau, 1971) with capitalism. Instead a modern feature of capital accumulation called the informal economy and arises as a direct result of capitalist penetration. The informal economy acts as a mechanism to hinder dissent by providing economic opportunities and aids family income. The United States’ implementation of free one-way trade to the Caribbean has reoriented the region’s trade. The core is dictating structural change in the region by funding technological solutions for development. The international promotion of tourism is affecting Belizeans such that, “Tourists are exposing many Belizeans to a foreign way of life. Many luxury products and foods are imported primarily for the benefit of tourists and expatriates, and Belizeans are then exposed to them” (Wilk, 1990:139). Private American investors who are responsible for some $250 million total investment in Belize continue to play a key role in Belize’s economy, particularly in the tourism sector." @default.
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• W2563261595 title "The Political Economy of the Transition from Fishing to Tourism, in Placencia, Belize" @default.
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