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• W2563399647 abstract "Colin Palmer, ed., Worlds of Unfree Labour: From Indentured Servitude to Slavery (Aldershot, Brookfield, Singapore, Sydney: Ashgate Variorum 1998), 392 pp.This volume is part of the series An Expanding World: European Impact on World History, 1450-1800, whose general editor is A. J. R. Russell-Wood. present volume, edited by Colin Palmer, has brought together fourteen articles previously published by authors who are well known in their fields. book is divided into four main sections: The Ideological Context in Europe and the Colonies, Labour in Europe, Coerced Labour in the Americas and Africa, and Conditions of Labour, Culture, and Resistance. Professor Palmer has an excellent fifteen page introduction to several of the issues raised in the studies that follow. Among those issues are the conflation of race and culture, the relationship between ideology and forced labour, the evolving attitudes towards race prior to the conquest of the Americas, the relationship between formal slave codes and their unsystematic application, the creation of an African-based creole culture in the Americas, the persistence of African-based beliefs despite Christianization, patterns of forced labour including the Spanish encomienda and repartimiento, and serfdom.It will not be possible to summarize the studies, but certainly John Sweet's study merits special attention for two reasons. First, it effectively offers a critique of the idea that racism came out of slavery and proves beyond a doubt, I think, that the hostile distinction made by of the coloureds and blacks was ingrained before slavery became systematized in the Americas. Second, the study demonstrates that Christians, and among Islamic people well, a common culture (Christian or Islamic) did not shield blacks from servitude, and that in the Christian dominions the enslavement of Black Christians enjoyed the sanction of several Papal Bulls. Laid to rest, definitively, is that Anglo-Saxons specifically promoted racism. It had a strong presence even among Islamic traders and the peoples: Iberian racism was a necessary precondition for the system of human bondage that would develop in the Americas during the sixteenth century and beyond. African slave trade was only in its infancy when the first blacks were brought to Hispaniola in 1502, but the racial attitudes of the Spanish were already firmly fixed virulence of racism increased economic imperatives fuelled Africans' debasement, but the origins of racism preceded the emergence of capitalism by centuries . (p. 24).However, the Anglo-Saxons followed quickly in the footsteps of the Iberians. Alden T. Vaughan's chapter is a complex historiographical study of the emergence of slavery and racism in Virginia. issues raised and addressed are the status of most blacks before the 1660s, the depth and significance of discrimination against blacks in the early decades of the settlement of Virginia, the reasons for Virginia's enslavement of blacks, and the point at which antipathy against blacks was sufficiently rooted in biological assumptions for historians to label it racism rather than ethnocentrism (p. 53). His conclusions are that numerous clues point to a separate and inferior status for blacks, slave or free, from the outset, without discernibly different class attitudes among whites (p. 62). Vaughan's essay confirms the points made by John Sweet. conclusions for Virginia are not significantly different from those about the experience. Englishmen, like Iberians, stressed the difference between themselves and blacks in terms of lifestyle, colour and religion well as animality and a peculiarly potent sexuality (p. 349). To make the case more convincing the Hamitic curse was culled from biblical history to prove that God made all his [Ham's] posterity 'so blacke and lothsome, that it might remaine a spectacle of disobedience to the World' (George Best, 1578). …" @default.
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• W2563399647 title "The Worlds of Unfree Labour: From Indentured Servitude to Slavery" @default.
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