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• W2563897242 abstract "In the everyday world, being “far from equilibrium” is a common state of affairs. In biology it is crucial for life. In economics it is the driving force for market activity. In many-body physics it generates a near-endless zoo of complex effects, rich both conceptually and phenomenologically. Indeed, nonequilibrium physics encompasses many fields including the cosmology of the early Universe [1], quark-gluon jet production in heavy-ion collisions [2], glass formation in dense fluids [3], and laserdriven symmetry breaking in solids [4, 5]. Yet questions about nonequilibrium phenomena can often appear untameable, because the nonequilibrium effects lack a universal organizing principle. For this reason, experiments on the dynamics of quantum systems that can be controlled at a microscopic level and are well isolated from their environment have become increasingly important for obtaining concrete answers [6–8]. In a new study, Ulrich Schneider, from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in Germany, and colleagues have used a cold atomic gas to carefully realize, for the first time, a nonequilibrium phenomenon known as dynamical quasicondensation [9]. This is where delicate quantum long-range order, normally the hallmark of low-temperature equilibrium systems, is seen to spontaneously emerge in an expanding gas. Their experiment convincingly verifies this phenomenon, opening the door to further studies in more complex systems. It also creates enticing links to other phenomena such as thermalization and equilibration. Long-range order takes place when remote portions of a physical system are correlated in some way. For instance, a crystalline solid has long-range order due to the regular arrangement of its constituent atoms. But order can come in many forms and, moreover, can be quantum mechanical in origin. Bose-Einstein condensation is one such example. In these systems, below a certain temperature, the statistics of bosons conspire to make them all bunch up in the same quantum ground state. The resulting equilibrium state then possesses long-range phase ordering. This means that if matter waves from two distant parts of the system overlap, interference fringes will appear. True condensation requires such ordering to be independent of distance. However, if bosons are constrained to move around in a two-dimensional (2D) plane or one-dimensional (1D) tube, they are said to form quasicondensates instead, because their long-range phase ordering drops off with distance as a power law. In 2004, Marcos Rigol and Alejandro Muramatsu [10] predicted that in a 1D setting a quasicondensate of bosons could emerge dynamically. They considered a 1D lattice populated with bosons that can hop between neighboring sites. Importantly, these bosons were required to strongly repel each other, preventing any two from being on the same site—a feature that gains them the name of “hard-core bosons.” Next, they took the initial state of the system to have a central region with one boson located on each site, surrounded by an otherwise empty and infinitely large lattice. This state is highly excited and evolves in time, with the bosons suddenly expanding into the empty regions. They found that this expansion quickly results in a 50:50 split of the bosons occupying the momentum states k = ±π/2a, where a is the lattice spacing. Consequently, the bosons bunch up to form quasicondensates traveling to the left and right at the only finite momenta consistent with energy conservation [10]. To cleanly realize and measure the delicate effects of dynamical quasicondensation, Schneider and colleagues exploited and refined several techniques in the field of cold atoms. Specifically, they prepared a Bose-Einstein condensate of around 100,000 bosonic potassium atoms and then slowly loaded them into a three-dimensional (3D) periodic arrangement of laser light known as an optical lattice. For low laser intensities, the potential" @default.
• W2563897242 created "2017-01-06" @default.
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• W2563897242 date "2015-10-19" @default.
• W2563897242 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W2563897242 title "Emerging Quantum Order in an Expanding Gas" @default.
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• W2563897242 doi "https://doi.org/10.1103/physics.8.99" @default.
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