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• W2569025961 abstract "In Invisible Donald Norman illustrates his theory of invisible computers turning into information appliances with examples of past inventions like the radio, automobile, and phonograph. Second generation computers have evolved as far as technology will allow. At the present time, the technology itself is the driving force behind the production of computers. Computers are being built for the technologists who favor the expansions of technology over ease of use. phenomenon is described as the period of innovators, followed by early adopters (the first generation of users), late adopters, and laggards/skeptics. Educators belong to the late adopter category; due to high cost, little technological support, and inadequate strategies for integration, schools have lagged behind business in computer implementation. An alternative to the limited number of prepackaged educational software programs is gaining access to the Internet. Examples of how teachers can incorporate the Internet into their classrooms include e-mail, global classrooms, ask-an-expert, information collection, online field trips, and electronic publishing. Until computers become invisible or incorporated into everyday life, the Internet is the medium which will promote fluid interaction between machine and students. (AEF) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** Donald Norman's The Invisible Computer and its Implications for Education Joanne M. Frey According to Donald Norman in his book, The Invisible Computer, Modern-day 71tr) trl technology enslaves as much as it empowers us (p.165). But the computer does not really meet our (p.4). These are powerful statements from a man involved in making computers more user friendly. Norman has worked for Apple computer and Hewlett Packard, was a former Director of the Institute of Cognitive Science, and is currently professor emeritus at the University of California, San Diego and cofounder of a new computer company. The Invisible Computer is a book anyone who has anything to do with the use of computers should read. Computer users should read this book to help them understand their everyday frustrations with the computer. Teachers should read this book to believe that at least there is some help, albeit theoretical, on the way. Norman constructs a compelling case for the eventual disappearance of the computer. He stresses that only when the computer becomes invisible will users be free from the everyday frustrations of trying to use a machine that is not really designed for them. By disappearing from view, a computer would become what Jef Raskin in the late nineteen seventies called an information appliance, much like the computers that are installed in cars, stoplights, clocks, and the like today. In order for the computer to become more useful it must become, or evolve into, an information appliance. To build his case of invisibility, Norman discusses the history of computers. Computers have evolved into second generation machines; the PC or personal computer. Previously, computers were huge room size apparatuses which have gradually over time been modified and miniaturized into a machine that will fit in a briefcase. Although the computer's size has been modified, usage has not been simplified. Today's technology imposes itself on us, making demands of our time and PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS az) MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY J.M. Frey Cr BEST COPY AVAILABLE TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC). 2 _ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION ffice of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) O document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. O Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. F. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OEFII position or policy. diminishing our control over our lives (p.6). Life hasn't become easier for the user. In fact, Norman states that, This is an industry that puts the device first, the customer second. The real needs of consumers are ignored (p.4). More features and functions are added to give one the feeling that the product is improving. Norman illustrates his theory of invisible computers turning into information appliances with examples of past inventions like the radio, automobile, and phonograph. These past examples are powerful reminders of machines that evolved or were adapted into their present day representations. The history of the radio and automobile give the reader clear examples of how what was viewed as a complicated and complex machine evolved into a mundane appliance; and a necessary and useful part of everyday life. is only after this evolution that the device can be successfully demystified and used simply as a tool. According to Norman, second generation computers have evolved as far as technology will allow. It is time to make technology conform to the needs of the people (p.261). Ideally, information appliances should be built with the needs and wants of human beings in mind. At the present time, the technology itself is the driving force behind the production of computers. Computers are being built for the technologists who favor the improvements or expansions of technology rather than the ease of use. Norman describes this phenomenon as the period of innovators, followed by early adopters, the first generation of users. The early adopters don't care how difficult the technology is to deal with. They will teach themselves how to use the device because some aspect of the device will offer to make their life easier. phase is followed by the late adopters who are viewed as conservative; let's wait and see how this device will evolve to help us. The late adopters have the benefit of updated versions of the technology which was originally offered to the early adopters. Usually the device will now feature design improvements and a lower price. The last" @default.
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• W2569025961 title "Donald Norman's The Invisible Computer and Its Implications for Education." @default.
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