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• W2570549104 abstract "THE QUANTITY OF WATER LOST FROM SOILS BY DIRECT EVAPORATION FROM POINTS BELOW THE SURFACE, QUITE INDEPENDENT OF CAPILLARY MOTION, IS STUDIED. THE METHOD EMPLOYED WAS TO EXPOSE A SURFACE OF WATER OR MOIST SOIL TO EVAPORATION INTO A CONFINED SPACE WHICH WAS IN COMMUNICATION WITH THE OUTSIDE AIR THROUGH A COLUMN OF KNOWN HEIGHT AND CROSS SECTION. WATER WHICH ESCAPED FROM BELOW THE COLUMN OF DRY SOIL HAD TO ESCAPE BY PURE DIFFUSION, BECAUSE THERE WAS NO CAPILLARY CONNECTION BETWEEN THE COLUMN OF SOIL AND THE WATER OR MOIST SOIL FROM WHICH THE LOSS WAS BEING MEASURED. A SANDY LOAM FROM TAKOMA PARK, MD., WAS MIXED WITH SOLID MANURE AND WET TO ABOUT 17, 20, AND 27 PER CENT OF MOISTURE AND PLACED IN TEN TUMBLERS WITH DIFFERENT PERCENTAGES OF MOISTURE AND SOIL. NO SYSTEMATIC DIFFERENCE WAS FOUND IN THE LOSSES CONNECTED WITH THE DIFFERING WATER CONTENT OF THE SOILS. THE SOILS TREATED WITH SOLID MANURE LOST WATER SLIGHTLY FASTER THAN THE OTHERS, BUT ONLY TO AN EXTENT WHICH MIGHT BE ACCOUNTED FOR BY ASSUMING THAT THE HEATING EFFECT OF THE ROTTING MANURE KEPT THE TEMPERATURE SLIGHTLY HIGHER THAN THE OTHERS, THUS INCREASING THE VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE WATER OVER THEM. COMPARISON OF THE RATES OF WATER LOSS SHOWED THAT THE RATE OF LOSS WAS ABOUT THREE TIMES AS GREAT INTO A 3-MILE BREEZE AS INTO THE STILL AIR OF THE ROOM. IT IS SHOWN THAT THE LOSS OF WATER BY EVAPORATION FROM POINTS BELOW THE SURFACE, WHILE IT DOES TAKE PLACE IN MEASURABLE QUANTITIES, IS NEVERTHELESS QUITE SMALL, AND IS NEGLIGIBLE IN COMPARISON WITH THE LOSSES TAKING PLACE AT OR VERY NEAR THE SURFACE. THE MOVEMENT OF WATER VAPOR THROUGH THE SOIL IS SHOWN TO FOLLOW THE LAW GOVERNING THE DIFFUSION OF OTHER GASES THROUGH POROUS MEDIA, AND IS QUITE SLOW. MULCHING DECREASES OR INHIBITS THE CAPILLARY FLOW, AND DIFFUSION THROUGH THE MULCH IS PRACTICALLY NEGLIGIBLE. THE DRYING OF SOILS UNDER ARID AND HUMID CONDITIONS WAS TESTED. THE LOSS OF WATER IS MORE RAPID UNDER ARID CONDITIONS. IN FACT IT IS SO RAPID AS TO OVERTAX THE SOIL'S ABILITY TO MOVE WATER FROM WITHIN TO THE SURFACE BY CAPILLARITY, AND IN CONSEQUENCE A DRY LAYER OF MULCH IS FORMED WHICH KEEPS THE SUBSEQUENT LOSSES FAR BELOW THOSE WHICH TAKE PLACE FROM THE SOIL UNDER HUMID CONDITIONS, WHERE THE CAPILLARY FLOW TO THE SURFACE PERSISTS UNTIL THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE WHOLE SOIL IS VERY LOW. THESE EXPERIMENTS CLEAR UP THE WELL-KNOWN AND APPARENTLY CONTRADICTORY FACTS OBSERVED IN THE FIELD THAT THE SOILS OF ARID REGIONS, AT DEPTHS A LITTLE BELOW THE SURFACE, ARE GENERALLY WETTER AND HOLD THEIR MOISTURE FOR MUCH LONGER PERIODS THAN DO THE SOILS OF HUMID AREAS IN DRY SEASONS. TABLES ARE PRESENTED SHOWING THE RESULTS OF TESTS ON CAPILLARY ACTION IN SOILS. THE EXISTENCE OF A MINIMUM SPEED OF CAPILLARY FLOW AT ABOUT ONE-HALF TO TWO-THIRDS OF THE OPTIMUM WATER CONTENT SEEMS TO BE CLEARLY INDICATED FOR GARDEN LOAM AND FINE SANDY LOAM. OBSERVATIONS ALSO INDICATE THAT THE WATER CONTENT MUST BE REDUCED TO VERY LITTLE VALUES BEFORE THE SPEED OF FLOW PER UNIT GRADIENT OF WATER CONTENT FALLS TO NEAR ZERO." @default.
• W2570549104 created "2017-01-13" @default.
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• W2570549104 date "1907-02-14" @default.
• W2570549104 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2570549104 title "STUDIES ON THE MOVEMENT OF SOIL MOISTURE: II THE CAPILLARY POTENTIAL" @default.
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