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- W2572415793 abstract "Effects of Semantic Integration and Advance Planning on Grammatical Encoding in Sentence Production Maureen Gillespie (gillespie.m@neu.edu), Neal J. Pearlmutter (pearlmutter@neu.edu) Department of Psychology, 125 NI, Northeastern University Boston, MA 02115 USA Abstract To examine how semantic integration and the scope of advance planning affect utterance planning and subject-verb agreement error rates, participants described picture displays using com- plex subject noun phrases (e.g., the apple for the pie(s)), with singular head nouns (apple) and local nouns (pie(s)) in prepo- sitional phrase modifiers, and then completed them as full sen- tences. Semantic integration (the conceptual link between el- ements within a phrase; Solomon & Pearlmutter, 2004) was manipulated by varying the preposition used to link the head noun and local noun. Speech onset times and agreement er- ror rates were recorded. Speakers were faster to initiate speech when the head and local noun were integrated than when they were unintegrated. Agreement errors were more likely when the local noun was plural than when it was singular. Supporting the scope of planning account of agreement (Gillespie & Pearl- mutter, 2011), speakers who were slower to initiate speech pro- duced more agreement errors, suggesting that speakers who do more advance planning are more likely to experience interfer- ence during agreement computation. Keywords: language production; subject-verb number agree- ment; advance planning; speech errors; semantic integration; grammatical encoding The study of language production is concerned with how speakers translate non-verbal thoughts into meaningful, grammatical utterances. Bock and Levelt (1994) separate the planning process required for language production into three main levels: the message level, which represents the speaker’s intended meaning; the grammatical encoding level, which translates the meaning into a sequence of words; and the phonological encoding level, which translates the sequence of words into the sounds required to produce the utterance. Planning in language production is thought to proceed incre- mentally; the system takes advantage of the sequential nature of production, allowing speech to be initiated before an entire utterance is prepared for articulation. Planning in language production proceeds quickly and accurately the majority of the time; however, speech errors do occasionally occur. If the scope of advance planning at a given level is large, multi- ple items are likely to be simultaneously available, which in- creases the chance of interference and certain speech errors (Garrett, 1975). Subject-verb agreement error production has been studied extensively in the language production literature (e.g. Bock & Cutting, 1992; Eberhard, Cutting, & Bock, 2005; Gille- spie & Pearlmutter, 2011; Solomon & Pearlmutter, 2004). The most replicated finding in this domain is the mismatch effect: Agreement errors are most common when the sub- ject of a complex noun phrase (NP) is singular and a lo- cal noun in a modifier is plural (e.g., *The key to the cabi- nets WERE...; Bock & Miller, 1991). Some previous research has focused on how syntactic structure constrains agreement computation (e.g., Bock & Cutting, 1992; Franck, Vigliocco, & Nicol, 2002); however, there is increasing evidence that the timing of planning of a local noun relative to the head noun determines interference effects (Gillespie & Pearlmut- ter, 2010, 2011; Gillespie, Pearlmutter, & Shattuck-Hufnagel, 2010; Nicol, 1995; Solomon & Pearlmutter, 2004). Gillespie and Pearlmutter (2011) proposed that interference from lo- cal nouns is determined by the scope of advance planning in language production: Local nouns planned overlappingly with the head noun are more likely to interfere with agree- ment computation. One way the head and local noun may be planned closer to- gether in time is if they occur in a close semantic relationship. Solomon and Pearlmutter (2004) conducted experiments ma- nipulating semantic integration (the degree to which elements within a phrase are conceptually linked) of the head and lo- cal noun. Participants read subject NP preambles with a lo- cal noun in a prepositional phrase (PP) modifier off a com- puter screen and then went on to complete them as full sen- tences. In a series of studies, they found that agreement errors were more likely to occur in highly integrated cases (e.g., the chauffeur for the actor(s)) than less integrated cases (e.g., the chauffeur near the actor(s)). They interpreted these findings as evidence that semantic integration can affect the timing of planning of elements within a phrase, independent of syntac- tic structure. Another way the head and local noun may be planned with more overlap is if they appear close together within the ut- terance. Gillespie and Pearlmutter (2011) showed that plural local nouns that are linearly closer to the head noun are more likely to create interference during agreement computation than local nouns appearing more distally, when controlling structural distance. These results suggest that planning pro- ceeds in the order in which items are to be produced, with semantic integration shifting the relative timing of planning. Thus, given Gillespie and Pearlmutter’s findings, the degree to which speakers plan local nouns in advance should affect agreement error rates. There is experimental evidence that the production system does a considerable amount of advance planning (e.g., Smith & Wheeldon, 1999; Wagner, Jescheniak, & Schriefers, 2010). Smith and Wheeldon examined the scope of conceptual and grammatical encoding during language production using a picture description task. They designed visual arrays of three pictures in which one, two, or all three pictures moved, and" @default.
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- W2572415793 title "Effects of Semantic Integration and Advance Planning on Grammatical Encoding in Sentence Production" @default.
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