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• W2572900364 abstract "Storage and computation in syntax: Evidence from relative clause priming Melissa Troyer 1 , Timothy J. O’Donnell 2 , Evelina Fedorenko 1 , and Edward Gibson 1 {mltroyer, evelina9, egibson} @mit.edu, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT 1 timo@wjh.harvard.edu, Department of Psychology, Harvard University 2 Abstract many or all of the utterances and combinations of structure that they have ever encountered, increasing the number of items that must be stored in memory but decreasing the amount of computation required to process utterances. Where does natural language fall on this continuum? Structures that are idiosyncratic or non-compositional— such as idioms and monomorphemic words—must be stored (Bloomfield, 1933). A more controversial question is whether fully compositional structures are sometimes stored as well. In the domain of words, there is evidence for storage of even fully regular morphological structure across a variety of languages and morphological systems. Examples include English verbal morphology (Alegre & Gordon, 1999), English noun pluralization (Sereno & Jongman, 1997), Italian and Dutch noun pluralization (Baayen et al., 1997a; Baayen et al., 1997b) and Finnish case and number marking (Bertram et al., 1999). In syntax, the evidence for storage of compositional structure is less certain. Although a number of recent theoretical proposals in linguistics and psycholinguistics have advocated the idea that fully compositional syntactic structures can be stored (e.g., Jackendoff, 2002; Goldberg, 2005) it has proven difficult to obtain experimental evidence for such storage. Several recent studies have shown evidence for storage of long sequences of words (Bod, 2001; Bannard and Matthews, 2008; Tremblay, 2009; Arnon & Snider, 2010). These results show that storage is pervasive, even for fully compositional structure above the word level. However, while these results are important and suggestive, they fall short of providing evidence for the storage of complex abstract syntactic structures. Here, we provide experimental evidence that the linguistic system stores complex syntactic structures that combine both abstraction and lexical specificity. To do this we investigate object-extracted relative clause constructions (ORCs). The nature of ORCs, in particular, makes them an In morphology, researchers have provided compelling evidence for the storage of even fully compositional structures that could otherwise be computed by rule. For example, a high-frequency word composed of multiple morphemes (e.g., root + plural inflection) may be stored directly rather than computed on the fly (e.g., Baayen, Dijkstra, & Schreuder, 1997). Here, we investigate similar questions of storage and computation in syntax, a domain in which evidence of storage of fully compositional structures has been less forthcoming. We approach this question using syntactic priming, a method exploiting the tendency of individuals to repeat syntactic structures that they have recently produced (Bock, 1986). As a test case, we investigate relative clauses (RCs). RCs are both abstract and syntactically complex but are nevertheless frequent in natural language (Roland, Dick, & Elman, 2007). Moreover, differences in processing complexity between different RC types are at least partially predicted by frequency (e.g., Reali & Christiansen, 2007). RCs are therefore an ideal domain to look for evidence of storage of abstract, compositional syntactic structure. If the structures underlying high-frequency RC types are stored and retrieved from memory as whole units instead of being computed online from smaller units, then these stored structures should be susceptible to priming. Across three experiments, we observed that priming of object-extracted RCs is sensitive to a) the type of noun phrase in the embedded subject position (a full NP vs. a pronoun), and b) the type of relative pronoun (who vs. that). These results suggest that the representations of some types of RCs involve storage of large units which include both syntactic and lexical information. We interpret these results as providing support for models of syntax that allow for complex mixtures of storage and computation. Keywords: syntax, relative clauses, priming Introduction An important open question in the study of language involves the nature of the syntactic representations that are stored in long-term memory. At one extreme, the language user might only store the smallest fragments of structure needed for composing meaning. Across different classes of grammatical theories these minimal fragments of structure have sometimes been represented with devices such as context-free grammar rules (e.g., S  NP VP; NP  Det N; Sag, Wasow, & Bender, 2003), basic combinatory types (Steedman, 2000), immediate word-word dependencies (e.g., Mel’cuk, 1988), or basic “merge” operations (e.g., Chomsky, 1995). Processing a sentence using only these minimal units would require accessing large numbers of these stored “items” (rules) from long-term memory and combining them on-the-fly to create or infer new complex meanings. At the other extreme, language users might store Figure 1: Abstract syntactic structure of an ORC" @default.
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• W2572900364 date "2011-01-01" @default.
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• W2572900364 title "Storage and computation in syntax: Evidence from relative clause priming" @default.
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