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• W257442918 abstract "I. INTRODUCTION Severe civil strife, known as Troubles, has plagued Northern Ireland throughout its history and continues to be a problem today. In certain cases between 1973 and 2007, terrorism suspects were tried in controversial Diplock courts with a single judge sitting as trier of both law and fact.1 Though Diplock courts were technically abolished in 2007, Northern Ireland continues to allow non-jury trials of suspected members of paramilitary organizations that are similar to old Diplock courts.2 The power to refer paramilitary suspects to non-jury, Diplock-type trials was extended for two years in 2009 and still exists today.3 More than half of murders that occurred during Troubles remain unsolved.4 In an attempt to heal wounds of past terrorism, police department formed Historical Enquiries Team (HET), a task force that is reinvestigating unresolved terrorism-related deaths.5 These investigations have resulted in criminal trials of some terrorism suspects, and there will likely be more prosecutions as investigations progress.6 In addition to cases referred for prosecution by HET, cases may reach Diplock-type courts through an alternate route: Director of Public Prosecution may certify any case for trial in a Diplock-type non-jury court if it is related to terrorism.7 For Northern Ireland to become a peaceful democracy, these cases must be tried by jury, rather than in non-jury trials reminiscent of flawed Diplock court system. II. DIPLOCK COURTS: AN UNFAIR MEANS A. A Brief History of Diplock Courts In 1973 jury trials for crimes connected to terrorist activity were abolished as a result of Lord Diplock's report, which cited concerns of juror intimidation and the danger of perverse convictions by partisan jurors.8 Lord Diplock believed that jurors would be incapable of performing their civic duty if they feared terrorist attacks.9 One commentator has echoed Lord Diplock's concerns, stating, the effects of intimidation, or popular support for violence, or both, may result in witnesses refusing to come forward and juries in clearest cases refusing to convict.10 Criminal jury trials were replaced in some instances by Diplock court system, where a single judge sits as trier of both law and fact.11 Diplock trials were used for about one-third of all serious cases in Northern Ireland until end of 1990s.12 Procedurally, Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) was responsible for determining whether an incident warranted criminal prosecution. If DPP decided a case should go to courts, Attorney General then made decision whether to try suspect(s) by a jury or in a Diplock court. The Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission was concerned with amount of power vested in DPP, particularly DPP's ability to conduct a non-jury trial without showing a risk of interference with administration of justice.14 The Diplock court system procedures also allowed police department to improperly participate in decision regarding when a suspect was to be tried by a Diplock judge rather than a jury.15 B. Abuse in Diplock Court System Judges in Diplock courts applied a lower standard of admissibility, which resulted in many Diplock court cases relying on coerced confession evidence that would have been held inadmissible in a jury trial.16 At one point, 90 percent of Diplock cases relied on confessions obtained through intensive interrogations as primary evidence.17 Opportunities to obtain coerced confessions were increased in Diplock court context by Detention of Terrorists (Northern Ireland) Order 1972, which allowed suspects to be detained for twenty-eight days without a hearing or access to counsel.18 This process of internment, arrest and detention of individuals suspected to be members of illegal paramilitary groups, affected 1,981 people. …" @default.
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• W257442918 date "2010-04-01" @default.
• W257442918 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W257442918 title "It's Time to Leave the Troubles Behind: Northern Ireland Must Try Paramilitary Suspects by Jury Rather Than in Diplock-Type Courts" @default.
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