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• W257461034 abstract "Vegetation was selected and used within a hedgerow system to determine its potential impact on conserving natural enemies of the silverleaf whitefly and improving control. Annual and perennial plant species were used. Movement from the annual refuge system to adjacent crops by a native aphelinid species was demonstrated. However, this system was found to support excessive whitefly densities. Perennial species were identified that could provide habitat for parasitoids and predators, while not producing an excess population of the whitefly target pest. INTRODUCTION Manipulating vegetation to enhance the presence of natural enemies is frequently discussed in North America, but seldom practiced. More commonly, vegetation is managed (e.g.; soil erosion) without consideration given to arthropod related issues (Bugg et al. 1998). Nearby vegetation can be a very important if not essential component of conservation biological control, seeking to provide essential food and shelter needed by natural enemies. DeBach (1974) noted that conservation related problems may impede existing natural enemies and impair establishment of introduced natural enemies. Certainly, vegetation may be an essential component. Wackers (2004) reviewed the potential importance of floral food sources and demonstrated the complexity and difficulty in predicting the relationship between host plant cues and parasitoid discovery and acceptance of host plants, leading to the utilization of flower food resources. When the silverleaf whitefly (SLW) (Bemisia argentifolii [B. tabaci, B strain]) outbreak in Imperial Valley, California occurred in the early 1990’s, it was apparent that native parasitoid species were unable to control the pest in what were largely annual crops, frequently of relatively short duration such as cantaloupe. As a result, studies were conducted to determine if biological control could be enhanced through the use of refuge strips that would act as a temporal bridge between plantings of whitefly susceptible annual crops. The first objective of our work was to determine if several annual plant species could be used to enhance parasitoid species of the silverleaf whitefly in commercial fields and determine movement characteristics of the native SLW parasitoids. The second goal was to carefully select and employ perennial plant species, demonstrating promising whitefly to parasitoid ratios, for enhancing populations of parasitoids and resident predators. MATERIALS AND METHODS Refuge of annual plants and SLW parasitoid movement Beginning in 1994, collards (Brassica nigra L., var. Champion) and sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L., var. giant gray stripe and numbered oil seed selection) were planted next to cantaloupe and cotton plantings to determine if native parasitoid populations could be enhanced on-site for the parasitism of whitefly during their initial colonization of these crops. These plants were intended to provide a bridge between the planting of annual crops. Over the course of the year, new plantings of collard and sunflower were prepared on adjacent beds to maintain a constant presence of these two plants. Collards and sunflowers were used as a result of studies in the Rio Grande Valley by Mike Rose who selected these plants because of their seasonal growth characteristics and ability to support whiteflies and parasitoids. The authors grew a number of other annual crops (e.g., Cruciferae, sunflower varieties, and legumes [including, varieties of Glycine max (L.))) and monitored whitefly and parasitoid populations in pursuit of an improved choice of cool season annual plant species, however none were found. Studies were conducted in 1995 to track the movement of parasitoid populations from refuges into adjacent plantings of cantaloupe and cotton (Pickett et al. 2004, in press). The two plots were 0.4 and 0.8 ha in size and consisted of three refuge strips, each containing a bed of collards and a bed of sunflower (Fig. 1). During the spring of 1995, parasitoids in refuges were marked with rubidium by spraying the collard and sunflower plants with aqueous rubidium chloride. Clear vinyl cards coated with petroleum jelly were placed every other week within each refuge strip and in alternate rows within cotton and cantaloupe. Parasitoids were removed from the traps at the end of the week and analyzed for rubidium concentration. Whitefly populations and parasitism" @default.
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• W257461034 date "2004-01-01" @default.
• W257461034 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W257461034 title "Developing habitat to support silverleaf whitefly natural enemies in California desert agriculture." @default.
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