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• W257519206 abstract "Edwin Black. The Farhud: Roots of the Arab-Nazi Alliance in the Holocaust. Washington DC: Dialog Press, 2010. pp. xvi+448. In the previous edition of this Journal, Philip Mendes reviewed book titled Al-Farhud: The 1941 Pogrom in Iraq, edited by Shmuel Moreh and Zvi Yehuda, which was published in the same year as Edwin Black's. This is noteworthy, given that the Farhud has received relatively little publicity in the past and was hardly known even to Holocaust scholars. The Farhud had far reaching consequences, leading ultimately to the dissolution of the once large, prosperous and seemingly well-integrated, Arabic-speaking Jewish community, who had lived in Mesopotamia--the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers--since it was known as Babylonia, when Emperor Nebuchadnezzar transported the Jews there as exiles from Jerusalem, between 597 and 586 BCE. The Jews of Iraq have continuous history in the region from that time--over thousand years before its conquest by Muslim Arabs between 633 and 636 CE--yet now, ironically, the Arabs are viewed as Iraq's native population. Farhud is apparently Kurdish word which has entered into Iraqi Arabic. According to Black, it means beyond mere chaos, something more than just riot. Perhaps farhud is best translated as 'violent dispossession.' Some translate it as 'mass rape and killing' (page 4). As the Farhud, the term is generally used to describe pogrom that took place predominantly in Baghdad, though other towns in Iraq were also affected, on 1 and 2 June 1941, on Shavuot. Bringing this event to the attention of his readers, Black writes: This book is nightmare. I regret anyone must read it. I regret it was necessary to write. I regret that I was the one who had to write it. I hope it never becomes necessary to write another like this one. Perhaps that is why I labored ten hours per day for more than year to document the Farhud and the roots of the Arab-Nazi alliance in the Holocaust--that is, the truth about what happened and why (p. xiii). The Farhud followed coup on 1 April 1941, which brought to power group of anti-British, anti-Jewish army officers, headed by veteran politician, Rashid Ali al-Gaylani. Like much of the Iraqi populace, these men accepted the rhetoric of the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Sheikh Haj Amin al-Husseini, who had fled Palestine in 1936 to escape arrest for fomenting riots and bloodshed targeting Jews and the British administration. At the same time, the German ambassador, Fritz Grobba promoted Nazi propaganda through such media as the Arabic language service of Radio Berlin--which regularly broadcast false reports of Jewish atrocities in Palestine--and the serialisation of Mein Kampf in daily newspaper--sanitised by omission of Hitler's racial views of the Arab peoples--and actively supported the establishment of Nazi-style youth groups (pp. 291-294). Notwithstanding Germany's encouragement of the coup leaders and its attempt to support them militarily, British troops marched into Iraq and fought their way to Baghdad. On 28 May 1941, al-Husseini, Grobba, Rashid Ali and other leaders of the pro-Nazi administration fled the country (p. 296). Three days later, with the British troops surrounding the city, the mayor of Baghdad, Arshad Umari, signed an armistice with the British forces. The next day, Jews dressed in their festive finery were attacked and butchered by a contingent of dejected returning from the dismal surrender to (the British forces). The mere sight of these Jews was enough to enrage the soldiers (p. 299) since the Jews were thought to favour the colonial power. Quickly, the attacks spread throughout the city; police and ordinary citizens joined in, slaughtering and seizing the possessions of the terrorised Jews. Between pages 299 and 303, Black offers graphic details of many individual cases of the brutality and the callousness with which mobs seized upon Jews in the streets or stormed into Jewish homes, machine gunning men, women and children, or shooting them with pistols; stabbing and ripping bodies apart; using guns or axes to crack skulls. …" @default.
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