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• W2583705919 abstract "Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of gender balance at work, family and home responsibilities and workplace factors to the drinking behaviors of attorneys. Method: Using a stratified random sampling procedure, attorneys were selected from the bar associations of two large Midwestern cities. Telephone interviews were completed with 300 men and 257 women (37.3% of those originally selected), who were asked about characteristics of their work, the numbers of female attorneys they had eontact with in four types of working relationships, overall and work-related rinking, and family and home responsibilities. Multiple regression and discriminant analyses were used to study the influence of these variables on drinking. Results: Gender balance variables entered several of the analyses. For both men and women the frequency of work-related rinking positively correlated with the number of female attorneys in the organization, but was negatively related to the number of women who were peers. Family and home responsibilities entered predictive equations, both positively and negatively, for both men and women. Size of firm was positively correlated with frequency of business-related drinking and, for men, with frequency of social drinking related to work. Conclusions: The influence of the gender composition of the workplace on drinking behaviors may vary, for both men and women, by the type of contact involved, with closer or more active involvement with female colleagues associated with decreased frequency of drinking. Work-related drinking may also be related to home and family demands and the size of the firm, again for both genders. (J. Stud. Alcohol 58: 297-302, 1997) ECOGNITION that lcohol-related p obl ms are i .portant issues for business and industry has led to theories, research and programming focusing on work settings and the drinking behaviors of workers. Vulnerability to the development of alcohol-related problems has been linked to factors such as lack of supervision, low employee visibility and easy accessibility to alcohol (Plant, 1981; Trice and Roman, 1978; Trice and Sonnenstuhl, 1990). The workplace culture can foster definitions of acceptable drinking behaviors, establish norms for groups and subgroups, and provide both formal and informal sanctions to promote compliance with these norms and rules (Shore, 1985a; Trice and Sonnenstuhl, 1988). More research is needed, however, to provide empirical evidence of the effect of workplace cultures and to examine the relative impact of various risk factors on workers in different situations. The role of women in the workplace also needs more attention. Although it appears that higher proportions of employed women than homemakers drink and that employed women drink more often and greater quantities than do unemployed women (Parker et al., 1980; Wilsnack et al., 1986), employed women continue to report significantly less consumption than do employed men (Loughlin and Kayson, Received: June 20, 1995. Revision: February 27, 1996. *This research was supported by National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism grant 1 R01 AA10092-01. 1990; Parker and Harford, 1992; Shore, 1985b). Research indicates that women might be less likely to use alcohol for the reduction of work-related stress (Hammer and Vaglum, 1989; LaRosa, 1990; Parker et al., 1980; Shore, 1990) and that role deprivation (the lack or loss of meaningful roles), rather than role overload, is correlated with alcohol-related problems (Wilsnack and Cheloha, 1987; Wilsnack et al., 1991). These studies suggest hat women may bring protective behaviors and norms regarding drinking to the workplace. They might transmit hese norms by modeling moderate behaviors or by influencing the drinking of their male colleagues in other ways. Studies of the effect of women on public drinking (Harford et al., 1983; Hennessey and Saltz, 1993; Sykes et al., 1993) indicate that the presence of women is associated with decreased consumption. Perhaps this moderating influence is in effect in the workplace as well. The potential for women to influence their workplace depends, in part, on the types of jobs they hold and on their numbers. Hammer and Vaglum (1989) and Kubi•ka et al. (1991) found that women in traditionally male occupations drank more than women in traditionally female occupations. Lennon (1987), however, did not find such differences. Wilsnack and Wright (1991) indicate that influences associated with alcohol use for women in male-dominated occupations might differ from those for women in female-dominated occupations. Haavio-Mannila (1991) looked at numbers of male colleagues rather than gender dominance in the occupation, and found that frequency of women's use of alcohol" @default.
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• W2583705919 date "1997-05-01" @default.
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• W2583705919 title "The relationship of gender balance at work, family responsibilities and workplace characteristics to drinking among male and female attorneys" @default.
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