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• W2583795226 abstract "Wilderness, Weather, and Waging War in the Mine Run Campaign Adam H. Petty (bio) The Wilderness looms large in the history of the Civil War period. A region of thick forests, choked with undergrowth, and riddled with creeks, it could be a dreadful place even in more peaceful times. As it turned out, political, logistical, and military concerns seemed to conspire to draw the Union Army of the Potomac and the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia into that wild expanse just south of the Rapidan River. The two armies met in this dismal scenery three times. Their first engagement resulted in the dramatic but costly Confederate victory at Chancellorsville in May 1863. A year later, the armies met there again at the Battle of the Wilderness, fighting to a bloody stalemate even as the dry thickets caught fire and burned alive many of the wounded. Between these two clashes lies the oft forgotten encounter at Mine Run. Conducted from November 26 to December 2, 1863, the Mine Run campaign produced little fighting and even fewer conclusive results, with both sides ending the campaign where they had started. It is not surprising, then, that historians have paid little attention to Mine Run. There are but three short works on the campaign, and all attribute the movement’s failure to the blunders committed by the Army of the Potomac’s generals. While acknowledging the campaign’s inhospitable setting, none of these histories analyze how the Army of the Potomac and the Army of Northern Virginia manipulated the environment or how the environment shaped [End Page 7] the campaign.1 In a historiographical piece for Civil War History, Lisa Brady comments on this tendency to “acknowledge environmental factors” without examining “their impact from an environmental perspective” and suggests that “specific battles, campaigns, and strategies can and should be examined” with the environment in mind. Brady shows the way in her landmark book War upon the Land, in which she argues that nineteenth century ideas about nature led Union armies to attack the southern agricultural landscape. Kathryn Shively Meier demonstrates other approaches in her article “Fighting in ‘Dante’s Inferno,’” which focuses on soldiers’ changing interpretations of the Wilderness, and in her book, Nature’s Civil War, which explores how soldiers used self-care to adapt to the environments they faced. In contrast to Brady’s and Meier’s works, this article focuses on the contribution of environmental factors to the campaign’s outcome by examining how they influenced strategy and military operations. Of particular importance to this analysis is Clausewitz’s principle of friction in war, which argues that “action in war is like movement in a resistant element. Just as the simplest and most natural of movements, walking, cannot easily be performed in water, so in war it is difficult for normal efforts to achieve even moderate results.”2 [End Page 8] An environmental approach to Mine Run is particularly appropriate, as it transforms what was otherwise an uneventful and uninspiring campaign into an intriguing case study of how the environment can influence a campaign by acting on armies and individuals, even as they act on the environment. The hostile setting in which the contending armies fought the Mine Run campaign was by no means natural. Rather, this forbidding landscape was the result of long-term exploitation, short-term engineering, and inclement weather. The purpose of the Union strategy was to engage the Confederates while avoiding the lethal landscape that nature and Gen. Robert E. Lee’s army had created along the Rapidan River. However, topography, thick vegetation, bad roads, and swollen watercourses combined with freezing rain, frigid temperatures, and Confederate entrenchments to create some of the most unfavorable conditions of the entire war. These sources of friction, in turn, contributed to crucial delays, confusion in battle and maneuver, loss of morale, and failure of nerve, and eventually aborted the entire campaign. An environmental approach also demonstrates Mine Run’s importance as a model for the subsequent Wilderness campaign of May 1864 and as a precedent for an army’s ability to literally remake its surroundings through the use of field fortifications—a practice that would become standard in the Overland campaign..." @default.
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• W2583795226 date "2017-01-01" @default.
• W2583795226 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2583795226 title "Wilderness, Weather, and Waging War in the Mine Run Campaign" @default.
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• W2583795226 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.2017.0001" @default.
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