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• W258552714 abstract "(ProQuest: ... denotes non-USASCII text omitted.) The period surveyed in this book covers die emergence and decline of the Byzantine educational tradition in the West. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the production and diffusion of Greek grammars. The majority of the Greek grammars of the fifteenth century, and all of the most influential ones, were written by Greek scholars in Greek. Until the last days of the Greek Empire, Constantinople continued to produce native scholars of eminence. The fall of the city' in 1453 brought many of these to teach in die West, but the East created few teachers to succeed them. Crete under Venetian rule produced a number of prolific scribes but a rather smaller number of teachers of the language. In southern Italy, the situation was little better. Greek was. it seems, taught at the Monastery of San Niccolo di Casole, near Otranto, for much of the This monastery appears to have had a remarkable library: it was here that Bessarion discovered a manuscript of the Posthomerica of Quintus,1 and Janus Lascaris found Colluthus's De raptu Helenae in Corigliano nearby.2 According to the Calabrian scholar Galateo of Lecce, writing around the end of the century, the monastery of San Niccolo had been a center for Greek studies: Quicumque graecis litteris operant dare cupiebat, iis maxima parte victus, pracceptor, domicilium sine aliqua mercede donabatur. Sic res graeca, quae cotidie retrolabitur, sustentabatur3 (Whoever wanted to study Greek received most of their keep, a teacher, and a lodging at no cost. Thus die Greek world, which daily declines, was sustained). In 1480 the Turks sacked the monastery and took Otranto. The destruction of San Niccolo marked the end of one of the last important outposts of the native Greek educational tradition in southern Italy. With the death of Constantine Lascaris in 1501, the famous Greek school of Sicily in Messina also fell into obscurity. Despite the prominent position of several Greek exiles, throughout the second half of the fifteenth century, the tuition of Western scholars by native Greek speakers was in decline. This decline coincided with a growing confidence among Latin teachers of Greek. In the 1470s and 1480s, when Johann Reuchlin or Aldus Manutius wrote on Greek grammar, tiiey did so in Greek. The first Greek grammar of consequence to be composed in Latin was that of Urbano Bolzanio, published in Venice in 1497. At Venice in 1504, Scipione Forteguerri, with one eye on the rival Greek school of Demetrius Chalcondyles in Milan, pronounced upon the advantages of native Greek teachers over Italian ones. He says that the Greeks know their own literature better than the Latins, and the Latins know theirs better than the Greeks; but the Latins can learn the literature of die Greeks better than die Greeks can learn that of the Latins.4 At the end of the fifteenth century, the native Greek accent was still much admired by Western students. Benedetto Giovio, for example, had studied Greek by himself, but he went to Chalcondyles in order to perfect his accent.3 Fortcguerri's response to the argument that it is better to learn pronunciation from a native Greek is not very convincing: he turns to a passage from Quintilian about how too much attention to Greek can infect your Latin/' A more decisive riposte to the claims of the native accent was being prepared in Venice, where the Byzantine pronunciation of ancient Greek was first questioned in the circle around Aldus Manutius in the early years of the sixteenth century. The emergence of new ideas about pronunciation coincided with die end of the predominance of the Byzantine exiles in Greek instruction. During the fifteenth century, Greek grammar meant the works of Chrysoloras, Gaza, or Lascaris. These grammars were written entirely in Greek, and they offered the student the sort of immersion in the language that was considered proper for the acquisition of the ancient languages. …" @default.
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• W258552714 date "2010-03-01" @default.
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• W258552714 title "Chapter 1: Greek Grammars" @default.
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