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• W2586495749 abstract "[El Salvador] is a good place to kill. If you kill, you will get away with it.1INTRODUCTIONIn 1998, twelve-year-old Brenda Henriquez-Rivas' father was brutally assaulted and murdered in El Salvador by four M-18 gang members.2 Henriquez-Rivas observed the men assault her father and heard the gunshots that killed him as she fled the scene.3 She identified two of the suspects from a lineup and testified against them in court.4 Both men were convicted and sentenced to prison terms of seven years and twenty-five to thirty years, respectively.5 When Henriquez-Rivas returned to her father's home to collect some paperwork, an individual warned her that gang members recently visited her house and claimed responsibility for killing her father.6 A few years later, an unknown man visited Henriquez-Rivas' school and asked if anyone knew Rocio Henriquez.7 Henriquez-Rivas feared the gang intended to harm her because she testified in court and because the gang was ordered to pay restitution to Henriquez-Rivas' family.8 In 2005, she fled to the United States and applied for asylum.9Now assume that shortly after Henriquez-Rivas filed her asylum application, another individual from El Salvador, Jaime,10 also applied for asylum. Imagine the facts in Jaime's case are strikingly similar to those of Henriquez-Rivas. Jaime witnessed his father's assault at the hands of M-18 gang members and escaped before anyone could harm him. As Jaime fled the scene, he heard the gunshots that killed his father. Jaime reported the crime to the local police and provided them with physical descriptions of each of the gang members involved in the assault and murder. However, unlike Henriquez-Rivas, Jaime refused to testify in court against the gang members because he feared the gang would exact revenge on him for his testimony. Given the level of corruption within the police department, Jaime also suspected law enforcement had already betrayed his trust by identifying him to the M-18. One week before trial, Jaime received a series of anonymous phone calls threatening his life. He promptly left El Salvador and sought asylum in the United States.The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (INA) establishes the framework for determining whether refugees such as Henriquez-Rivas and Jaime should be granted asylum and a permanent home in the United States.11 According to the INA's definition, a refugee is someone who is (1) unable or unwilling to return to his or her home country (2) because of either past persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution (3) on account of race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a social group.12 Of these five protected interests, the term particular social group (PSG) is the most ambiguous.13The Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) first confronted this ambiguity with its oft-cited PSG analysis in In re Acosta}4 After nearly thirty years of attempts to refine its definition, certain elements of PSGs remain a divisive issue among the circuit courts.15 While some circuits accept the BIA's PSG analysis, others have either completely abandoned it or modified the analysis to maintain consistency with the BIA's decisions made after In re Acosta.16In 2013, the Ninth Circuit decided Henriquez-Rivas v. Holder11 and recognized Henriquez-Rivas' membership in a PSG while rejecting the BIA's interpretation of PSG requirements.18 In overruling the BIA, the Ninth Circuit determined that Henriquez-Rivas had a well-founded fear of persecution because of her membership in a newly recognized PSG: who testify against gang members.19 The Ninth Circuit's decision confirmed that a PSG exists in the absence of on-sight visibility if the member's identity has come to the attention of gang members.20 Although the decision did not address asylum eligibility for people in Jaime's position-Salvadoran witnesses who report serious gang crimes to law enforcement-the court's PSG analysis supports expanding eligibility to witnesses who do not testify. …" @default.
• W2586495749 created "2017-02-17" @default.
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• W2586495749 date "2016-09-01" @default.
• W2586495749 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2586495749 title "Kill the Snitch: How Henriquez-Rivas Affects Asylum Eligibility for People Who Report Serious Gang Crimes to Law Enforcement" @default.
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