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• W2589968992 abstract "The wood chipping of almond (Prunus dulcis) prunings could provide an alternative to burning that would not contribute to air pollution and add valuable organic matter to soils. The success of wood chipping depends on whether the wood chips delete the soil of critical nutrients necessary for tree growth. An experiment was established where wood chips were mixed with soil and placed in containers, each with an almond tree, in order to quantitatively examine the effect of wood chips on soil nutrients, soil aggregation, and the rhizosphere microbial community. Control trees were planted in containers without wood chips. Tissue analysis was performed on leaf petioles to determine whether the wood chips had an effect on nutrient availability. After the 1st year, trees growing with wood chips had less N, Zn, and Mn while P was increased. After the 2nd year, trees with wood chips no longer had less N levels while P and K were significantly increased, but Zn was decreased. Soil analysis after the 1st year showed significantly higher levels of Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, P, and K with wood chips. The % carbon, NH4-N, cation-exchange-capacity (CEC), electrical conductivity (EC), and % organic matter (OM) were increased. The soil pH and NO3N levels were decreased. Similar results were obtained the 2nd year except that Mn and Fe levels were decreased in wood chipped soils while B and Na were increased. The CEC was no longer higher in wood chipped soils. When nematode populations were assayed after the 1st year there were less Criconemella and more Bunonema, Doryleimida, and free-living bacterial and fungal feeding nematodes in wood chipped soils. Similar results were obtained after the 2nd year except that root lesion was reduced in wood chipped soils. More basidiomycetes were counted in wood chipped soils and detected at higher levels with ELISA. Larger soil aggregates were found in wood chipped soils. Undisturbed wood chipped soils had more soil aggregates than disturbed wood chipped soils. INTRODUCTION Since the passing of The Federal Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California has not met national ambient air quality standards for particulate matter 10 microns (PM-10) or less. The SJV Unified Air Pollution Control District restricts the burning of agricultural wastes and further restrictions are likely due to worsening air pollution. Wood chipping could provide an alternative to burning that could add valuable organic matter to almond soils. A small percentage of almond growers have been wood chipping for over 10 years; some because they are farming on the agricultural-urban interface, where brush burning is prohibited because of its close proximity to housing. Other almond growers have wood chipped solely to add organic matter to their soils. But many growers fear that wood chips will take valuable nutrients away from their trees (Holtz 1999). If wood chips can be shown to not interfere with harvest or take valuable nutrients from trees, then growers would be more likely to adopt wood chipping as an alternative to burning. Research has shown that organic material can increase the humic content of soil (Sikora & Stott 1996), the nutrient holding capacity of soils (Gaskell et al. 2000, Hartz et al. 2000), and the cation-exchange-capacity (Fox et al. 1990), which is a measure of the Proc. XXVI IHC – Sustainability of Horticultural Systems Eds. L. Bertschinger and J.D. Anderson Acta Hort. 638, ISHS 2004 Publication supported by Can. Int. Dev. Agency (CIDA) 128 ability of soil to hold nutrients. Soil organic matter has also been shown to increase the water holding capacity of soil, the pH buffering capacity, the microbial diversity of soils (Scow et al. 1994), and to even reduce plant parasitic nematode populations (Leary & DeFrank 2000). The effect of wood chips on soil nutrients and the rhizosphere microbial community was examined in a replicated experiment where the same soil was amended with and without wood chips (Holtz and McKenry 2001). If results were available to growers that show enhanced nutrient value due to wood chipping, it would speed adoption of the practice and help reduce air pollution in the SJV. There are over 250,000 hectares of almonds in California, and burning is still the primary method of brush disposal. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wood Chipping and Orchard Placement Almond prunings were chipped with a brush bandit wood chipper (Bandit Industries, Remus, MI). The wood chips were mixed with Tujunga loamy sand high in ring and root lesion plant pathogenic nematodes. The wood chips were mixed with soil at approximately 1/3 part wood chips to 2/3 parts soil, and placed in 133 liter barrels (Monsanto, St. Louis, MO), with a single almond tree per barrel. Five trees were planted in barrels with wood chips and 5 in barrels without. The barrels were placed in an almond orchard (L. D. James Ranch, Modesto CA) in a replicated manner, consisting of five single-tree replicates per treatment. The barrels prevented the mixing of roots, wood chips, and microbial communities and allowed placement of a replicated trial in a small area. Mushrooms were counted in individual barrels when they appeared. Leaf and Soil Sampling, Analysis Fifty to 75 leaves, from non-fruiting spurs were sampled per tree in July of 2000, 2001, and 2002 randomly. One kg of soil was sampled from each barrel in October of 2001 and 2002. The soil samples were split; half the sample was assayed for nematodes while the other half was analyzed for nutrients. Leaf and soil samples were analyzed by the University of California’s Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Laboratory (Davis, CA, danranlab@ucdavis.edu). Nematode Assays Ring nematode was assayed with the sugar centrifugation method (McKenry and Roberts 1985) where 1-2 kg of soil is placed into a pan with water and mixed. Nematodes were suspended in water and decanted. A 1-molar solution of sugar plus separan was added to a cylinder and stirred. After 1 minute the nematode-soil separation was passed through a 400-mesh screen. With a small quantity of water, the nematodes were washed from the screen into a counting dish. Nematodes per 1 kg of soil (250 cc) were reported. Root lesion and free-living nematodes were extracted by a combined sieve-mist extraction method where the final screenings from a 500-mesh sieve containing root plant tissues (20 grams) were placed into a funnel and into a mist chamber. After 3-5 days the nematodes were removed and counted. Orchard Soil Sampling and Separation of Soil Aggregates In January 2001, Tujunga loamy sand soils were sampled from a 30 year-old almond orchard where prunings were chipped and left on the orchard floor annually for 10 years. Soil samples were collected from 2 treatment sites: 1) where the soil had been left undisturbed, and 2) where the soil was disturbed prior to harvest (August 2000) with a rotary-tiller (Maschio, Padova, Italy) to a depth of 12-15 cm. Soil samples were collected, 3 replications per treatment, from a depth of 20 cm using a step-down soil probe and divided into increments of 0-to-5, 5-to-10, and 10-to-15 cm. The 3 replications at each depth were mixed to form a composite sample. Samples were collected using a stratified sampling scheme so that within-row and between-row areas of the plots comprised the proper proportion of the composite sample (Caesar-TonThat et al. 2000). Soils were dried" @default.
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• W2589968992 date "2004-06-01" @default.
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• W2589968992 title "WOOD CHIPPING ALMOND BRUSH AND ITS EFFECT ON THE ALMOND RHIZOSPHERE, SOIL AGGREGATION AND SOIL NUTRIENTS" @default.
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• W2589968992 doi "https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2004.638.15" @default.
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