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• W2590156476 abstract "The paper compares horticultural genetic resources collections with genetic resources collections at large, assesses their characteristics, strengths and weaknesses with the aim of identifying specific management requirements to conserve horticultural crop germplasm more efficiently and effectively. To facilitate such a comparison, a historical review of plant genetic resources (PGR) conservation efforts has been made with special reference to the period when conservation approaches and procedures were developed and a global network of base collections was established. A brief historical overview of the conceptual and technical developments of utilizing germplasm is presented. As the use of germplasm is closely related to PGR availability, the paper provides a brief description of the major PGR policy and legal issues, mainly those that impact on access and benefit sharing arrangements. A detailed analysis of the collecting efforts of horticultural crops by the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) as well as of the existing major global horticultural germplasm collections is presented, with a special focus on vegetable crops and The World Vegetable Center (AVRDC). Finally, generic biological aspects and peculiarities of horticultural genetic resources are analyzed in the context of current germplasm management procedures. Genetic diversity considerations of horticultural crops, their frequently localized distribution, current breeding practices and other aspects are being analyzed to see how germplasm collection management practices can be improved. Based on these analyses and reviews, general recommendations have been made and conclusions have been drawn for a more effective and efficient global conservation approach and organization. INTRODUCTION Horticultural crops form an important component of the food basket for human beings. Besides calories, they provide proteins, vitamins and other essential substances. Horticultural crops are very diverse, including vegetables, fruit crops, spices, ornamentals, etc. and they vary greatly from one part of the world to another. At the same time a number of major global horticultural crops have been developed and they are more comparable with the major agricultural crops. Due to the great variation, their predominantly localized importance, the important role of people in developing many of the crops, the variable degree of their improvement, the big differences between crops in their economic importance, and significant biological differences between the crops as well as other aspects that characterize horticultural crops, the challenges to conserve this wealth of genetic resources in a rational manner is a real challenge. This paper hopes to contribute to a more rational and effective conservation approach by reviewing the historical developments of plant genetic resources (PGR) conservation and use, assessing the collecting and conservation activities of horticultural species, critically analyzing the routine genetic resources management activities for horticultural crops, reviewing briefly the prevailing political aspects, before drawing conclusions and making some recommendations. Proc. XXVII IHC-S1 Plant Gen. Resources Ed.-in-Chief: K.E. Hummer Acta Hort. 760, ISHS 2007 34 A Historical Review of PGR Conservation It was only in the 1920s that the first germplasm collections were established, largely driven by breeding efforts and interest and, consequently, resulting in breeding rather than genetic resources collections. Examples of such collections are those at the Vavilov Research Institute VIR at St. Petersburg, Russia; ARS of USDA, USA; the Crop Research Institute IPK in Gatersleben, Germany and others (Scarascia-Mugnozza and Perrino, 2002). The establishment of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) in the early 1960s contributed significantly to the Green Revolution through the successful global breeding efforts on the major food crops. The dramatic losses of landraces of these major crops were largely caused by the introduction of high yielding varieties (HYVs) and triggered the systematic collecting of threatened PGR. These collecting efforts were coordinated by the newly founded International Board for Plant Genetic Resources in 1974 and resulted in the establishment of large germplasm collections, especially in the International Agricultural Research centres (IARCs) of the CGIAR. During the 1960s and 1970s there was a strong focus on major food crops, in particular those that produce orthodox seeds like cereals and pulses, and consequently the proposed conservation procedures as well as the research were biased towards these crops. Only during the 1980s was more attention given to “difficult” species, i.e. those that produce recalcitrant or no seeds or species that are vegetatively propagated, and in vitro conservation approaches, including cryopreservation were developed. Since 1977 the so-called Registry of Base Collections was formed and coordinated by IBPGR to conserve the germplasm that was collected with the involvement of IBPGR (Tao et al., 1989). The Registry consists of 49 selected national and international genebanks and it covers approximately 250 genera. Of the 49 institutes, 21 signed agreements with IBPGR for the long-term conservation of vegetable base collections, covering a total of 15 genera. Since the mid 1980s FAO established the International Network of Ex Situ Germplasm Collections as part of the Global System that was formed as an important component of the International Undertaking. This Network still exists and the germplasm maintained consists predominantly of material that is maintained by the CGIAR genebanks. In 1971 the World Vegetable Center AVRDC was established with one of its objectives being to conserve and use genetic resources of its mandate crops (see below). The Centre is loosely associated with CGIAR and only recently developed its new global strategy. During the late 1980s more people oriented approaches were developed and applied in the conservation efforts and broadened governance over the genetic resources programmes was applied which greatly facilitated the inclusion of in situ and on-farm conservation activities as part of national PGR programmes. As part of the responsibilities entrusted to FAO by the Convention on Biological Diversity to resolve the legal status of existing collections and the concept of Farmers’ Rights, FAO and the CGIAR Centres concluded agreements in 1994 that defined the legal status of the collections managed by the IARCs. Through these agreements the designated germplasm accessions were formally placed in the international public domain and the responsibilities of the IARCs defined. More recently, the International Coconut Genetic Resources Network (COGENT) and the Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza (CATIE) concluded similar agreements with FAO. World-wide, approximately 1500 genebanks and germplasm collections have been established over the past 40 years or so and some general observations can be made about them: o Usually, there are poor links between genebanks and users; o Typically, many species are maintained in (national) genebanks; o Neglected and underutilized species (NUS) and of crop wild relatives (CWRs) are poorly represented in the collections and their within-species genetic diversity (GD) is rather limited; o In general, one can observe limited and decreasing budgets, sometimes due to underutilization of the conserved germplasm;" @default.
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• W2590156476 date "2007-07-01" @default.
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• W2590156476 title "HORTICULTURAL GENETIC RESOURCES COLLECTIONS: THEIR CHARACTERISTICS, STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES" @default.
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• W2590156476 doi "https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.760.2" @default.
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