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• W2590957487 abstract "The extensive and enduring effect of natural disasters is apparent on the psychological and physical health of survivors (Galea, Nandi V Hull, Alexander, K Morgan, Scourfield & Williams, 2003).Natural disasters are not only more common in developing countries but also have greater devastating impact there. It is observed that 90% of natural disasters and 95% of disaster-related deaths occur in developing countries (Kar, 2009).During the past two decades millions of have been killed due to the increase in occurrence, complexity, scale, and destructive capacity of natural disasters like earthquakes, windstorms, tsunamis, floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions and wildfires. At least one billion or more have been adversely affected by them, and massive economic and psychosocial damages have resulted. The Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004, Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans in 2005, L'Aquila earthquake in Italy in 2009, and recent flooding in Pakistan and the UK have all created serious losses anddamages, and have heavily disrupted essential community functions. Effects of disasters are seen not only at individual level but also at family, societal, and national level.On October 8, 2005 at 8.30 am, Pakistan's northern region was hit by an earthquake, which measured 7.6 on the Richter scale. Damage was widespread; an estimated number of 3.5 million were affected by the earthquake, (Preliminary Damage and Needs Assessment Report, Asian Development bank and World Bank, 2005) with continuing aftershocks, causing massive physical destruction, loss of life and social and psychological disturbances. Although the occurrence of earthquakes or other calamities cannot be avoided, an in depth perceptive understanding can assist in anticipation and identification of different probable effects a disaster can produce.Previous researchers hold different viewpoints regarding the variables responsible for rebouncing from misfortune .One of the theoretical perspectives to disaster research is that of diathesis-stress framework, which suggests that the recovery from trauma following a disaster is an interaction of preexisting susceptibility, psychosocial factors and environmental stressors (Benight & McFarlane,2007)Another approach is of the social cognitive theory which looks at the process of adaptation after a disaster as resulting from enabling factors (Bandura, 1997; Benight & Bandura, 2004). These factors equip a person with individual resources to influence not only one's functioning but one's life circumstances as well. Resilience to adversity relies more on personal factors than on environmental stressors.Holder of this agentic view of personality, Bandura(1997) maintained that people are self-organizing, proactive, selfreflecting, and self-regulating, not just reactive organisms shaped and shepherded by external events. They have the power to influence their own actions to produce certain results and the capacity to exercise control over one's thought processes, motivation, affect, and action operates through mechanisms of personal agency (Bandura, 1997; Benight & Bandura, 2004, p. 1130). Keeping this in mind the role of resilience has been examined in the recovery process of the earthquake victims. Rationale of the studyUnderstanding the ways in which adversity interacts with the day to day demands of the survivors is important. Deprivations and social anarchy after the calamities often lead to additional chaos. Therefore, it is crucial to recognize the cultural context of the survivors of disaster in order to facilitate their rehabilitation. According to Hobfall (1991) the disadvantage that emerges in the face of losses and death can create a cycle of further lost opportunities and secondary adversity.Exposure to major stressors like natural disasters can place survivors at risk for emotional, behavioral, and psychological difficulties, with victims varying considerably in their adaptation subsequent to natural disasters. …" @default.
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• W2590957487 date "2015-01-01" @default.
• W2590957487 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2590957487 title "Well- Being after Natural Disasters; Rising from the Ruins" @default.
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