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- W2592583728 abstract "To the Editor Autophagy is a well-conserved intracellular degradation system in which cytoplasmic components and organelles are recycled by doublemembraned autophagosomes that engulf them and eventually fuse with lysosomes (Levin et al., 2011). Because most of the genes involved in autophagy are conserved from yeast to invertebrates and mammals, and genetic manipulations can easily be performed in Drosophila in vivo, Drosophila is an ideal model system for studying the function of autophagy in whole animals. Studies of autophagyrelated gene mutants revealed the importance of autophagic functions in larval midgut cell death during morphogenesis (Denton et al., 2009), and hematopoiesis in larvae (Shravage et al., 2013). In addition to its essential functions in development, emerging evidence indicates that autophagy functions against invasion of host cells by pathogens such as intracellular bacteria, viruses, and protozoa (Yano and Kurata, 2011). Here, we summarize and provide insight into the functions of autophagy in innate immunity in invertebrates. The first evidence that autophagy is crucial for protection against intracellular bacterial growth came from a study of Group A Streptococcus, which invades mammalian culture cells (Nakagawa et al., 2004). Many subsequent studies demonstrated that intracellular bacteria, such as Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are eliminated by autophagosomes, indicating the critical role of autophagy in innate immune responses against such bacteria (Huang and Brumell, 2014). Because studies were performed in cultured cells and autophagy-knockout animals are in most cases lethal, the critical role of autophagy in vivo was first demonstrated in Drosophila by tissue-specific autophagy knockdown (Yano et al., 2008). Listeria utilizes the host endocytotic pathway to enter Drosophila hemocytes, the hematopoietic cells that function in innate immunity. When Listeria infects the body cavity, they invade the hemocytes because of their high phagocytic ability, but are quickly engulfed by autophagosomes for elimination. Flies ___________________________________________________________________________" @default.
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- W2592583728 date "2015-04-23" @default.
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- W2592583728 title "Role of autophagy in Drosophila innate immunity" @default.
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