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• W2592743482 abstract "This chapter examines the implications of the increasing involvementof private security companies (PSCs) on the formulation and practicesof European immigration and border control. The rise of private involvement in border control can be seen as a subset of the migration industry,alongside, and sometimes interacting with, other subsets like facilitatingor rescue services relating to migratory movement (see Introduction).At the outset, it is argued that the European borders are not staticgeographic phenomena, but rather borderscapes-that is, dynamic andmultifaceted sites of interventions for public and private actors. Theseinterventions can be conceptualized as processes of borderscaping,whereby the political, epistemological and physical elements of bordersare dissolved, redefined and re-territorialized. The notion of borderscape contracts is suggested as a way of highlighting the role played byPSCs in these processes. Some examples of PSC borderscape contractsare examined. These include the UK Border Agency’s outsourcing ofborder enforcement functions to G4S, Finmeccanica’s role in the construction of Libyan border control capacities and PSC involvement inthe European external border surveillance system (EUROSUR) project’s numerous advanced borders projects. It is argued that PSC’s rolein externalization1 and their development of new, advanced technologies securitizes and thus transforms the day-to-day governance of theEuropean borders. This, in turn, leads to serious questions regarding theopaqueness of borderscape budgets, lock-in effects making it difficultfor public actors to reverse PSC militarization of borders and thehumanitarian consequences of this for migrants.The chapter conceptualizes this development as cases of neoliber-alization2-that is, systemic shifts in the logic guiding public-privaterelations, which result in the inclusion of PSCs into the forums designingthe European borderscapes.3 It is argued that PSC lobbyism throughformal and informal forums reinforces a market dynamic where theindustrial suppliers of border control technologies create a demand fortheir products in order to facilitate these systemic shifts. Some examples include the European Organization for Security (EOS), and theFrontex Agency’s Research and Development (R&D) Unit’s cooperation with PSCs on drones for border control. Moreover, several “blurred” public/private EU forums, like the European Security ResearchAdvisory Board (ESRAB) and the European Security Research andInnovation Forum (ESRIF), have been granted a large influence on theformulation of the European Union’s (EU) priorities on securityresearch. One notable outcome, it is ventured, has been increased EUsubsidies to PSC research into high-tech borderscapes exemplifyinghow PSCs are involved in the multileveled governance of the Europeanborderscapes.The chapter suggests that the financial flows underpinning PSC bor-derscaping back to powerful financial actors, like the international bankingsector, investment management firms and EU member states’ exportcredit agencies (ECAs). The activities of these actors, it is argued, showthat the militarization of Europe’s borders is grounded not only in a desireto prevent immigration, but also in European politics of supporting military and control exports with public funds, even if this leads to increaseddebt in especially developing countries. The influence of PSCs and theirfinancial supporters on the European border politics presents severe problems for the democratic transparency and humanitarian standards ofEuropean borderscapes." @default.
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• W2592743482 date "2013-01-03" @default.
• W2592743482 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W2592743482 title "Private security companies and the European borderscapes" @default.
• W2592743482 doi "https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203082737-17" @default.
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