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• W259307856 abstract "The increased use of imprisonment for women offenders has been attributed to changes in legislative responses to the war on drugs, changing patterns of drug use, and judicial decision-making. Increasingly, women who are incarcerated in this country are there for nonviolent, drug-related offenses that account for the largest source of the total growth among female inmates (Mauer, Potier, & Wolf, 1999). The popularity of imprisonment as a sanctioning tool has significant implications for corrections, which traditionally has allocated few resources for institutional or community-based programs for female offenders. Often overlooked is the fact that personal and social problems are imported into the prison setting and become a part of the intricate web of the prison culture through which women negotiate their daily existence. It would not be fair to say that imprisonment is worse for women than it is for men, but imprisonment is definitely different for women because women are different from men. At the same time, there is a need to address how institutional rules and programmatic opportunities available to women in prison contribute to the continuation of the disadvantaged status of women prisoners. After all, women's prisons increase women's dependency, stress women's domestic rather than employment role, aggravate women's emotional and physical isolation, can destroy family and other relationships, engender a sense of injustice (because they are denied many of the opportunities available to male prisoners), and may indirectly intensify the pains of imprisonment. The gender stereotypes that influenced the first women's reformatories- instilling feminine values by providing domestic training to incarcerated women to facilitate their acceptance of their expected social role of homemaker- continue to affect the treatment, conditions, and opportunities of incarcerated women today. Because the overall proportion of women prisoners is still small relative to the total prison population, the special problems of women prisoners, while creating a wide range of recent individual and social concerns, continue to be minimized. Without providing these women the necessary individual as well as social skills with which they may become viable contributors to and for society, their chances for successful assimilation, as well as day-to-day survival, will be impeded. Thus, a reevaluation of the purpose (s) of imprisonment as well as the reconsideration of the special needs of women offenders should be an ongoing process. Characteristics of Female Offenders As in any examination of women prisoners, the first point is to note that they constitute a small percentage of the total number of people incarcerated in the United States, contributing in part to their being labeled the forgotten offender. And while their relative proportions are small, the growing numbers of women being sent to prison is disproportionate to their involvement in serious crime. Women imprisoned in state and federal correctional institutions throughout the United States totaled 94,336 at mid-year 2001, representing 6.6% of the total prisoner population (Beck & Harrison, 2001). This represents twice the number of incarcerated women held in jails and prisons one decade earlier. Moreover, the impact on women of color has been disproportionately heavy. The incarceration rate for African-American women is eight times that for white women; for Latinas, it is almost four times greater (Beck, 2000), circumstances that reflect issues not only of race, but also of poverty. Female inmates are young (about two-thirds are under thirty-four years old), minority group members (more than 60%), unmarried (more than 80%), undereducated (about 40% were not high-school graduates), and underemployed (Beck & Mumola, 1999). Most research about the parental status of prisoners has echoed the finding that about four-fifths of incarcerated women are parents, and about two-thirds are parents of dependent children (Belknap, 2001). …" @default.
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• W259307856 date "2004-10-01" @default.
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• W259307856 title "Pastel Fascism: Reflections of Social Control Techniques Used with Women in Prison" @default.
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