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• W2593131551 abstract "IntroductionThe issue of exploring the causal relationship between terrorism and the Pakhtun cultural values is a complex phenomenon. Two things are important to understand the question in hand: First, to locate the violence, if any, in the cultural values of the Pakhtuns and, second, to carefully analyze the prevailing terrorism in the Pakhtun society. By highlighting the direct and symbolic violence in the Pakhtun culture and by clearly delineating the distinguishing features of the current terrorism in the Pakhtun society it will be possible to see whether there is any relationship between the two. It is important first, however, to generally distinguish terrorism from other forms of violence and to see whether there is any relationship between violence and terrorism. This is both simple and difficult. It is simple because in maj ority of the situations people know whether an event is an act of terrorism or not. Although, the means employed may be the same but it is the ends which distinguishes terrorism from other forms of violence (Schinkel, 2010).Terrorism is inherently motivated by political objectives (Abrahms, 2008). Other forms of violence may or may not involve political motives (Schinkel, 2010). On the other hand the often differing and competing definitions of terrorism makes the task of distinguishing terrorism from the ordinary forms of violence all the more difficult. Terms like narco-terrorism (illegal production, movement, and use of narcotics which badly affects humans), environmental and cyberterrorism indicates how loosely the word is applied to different situations (Guelke, 2010). Further, the fact that more civilians have been killed in political violence as against terrorism, especially in Central American countries over the last few decades, indicates that the line between terrorism and other forms of violence is delicate, and often even blurred (Guelke, 2010). More importantly, it is not the question only of distinguishing terrorism from other forms of violence but it is the fact to know whether violence prevailing in a particular culture, society or a group of people can be related to terrorism in the same society, culture or group of people. Theories of terrorism, especially psychoanalytic and psychocultural hypotheses indicate that it can be (Ross, 1986). For example harsh socialization, especially the raring of a child in a violent and unfriendly environment warrants deviant behavior in adulthood (Crenshaw, 2000). As grown up in a harsh environment and prone to violence such individuals provide easy recruits to the terrorists, as against other normal human beings. A related theory which identifies somewhat the same causes of terrorism is the frustration-aggression hypotheses (Ferracuti, 1982). While coupled with psychoanalytic theory the frustration-aggression hypotheses connects early child physical punishment with displacement of personality and aggressive behavior in adulthood, another paradigm, the social learning theory, explain the connection in terms of modeling, imitation, and reinforcement (Guelke, 2010). Although, these theories explain a general violent disposition, not terrorism specifically, however, it can be indirectly related to terrorism. For example there is no denying the fact that terrorism involves an extra normal use of violence, albeit for different objectives.The above mentioned theories are vital as causal factors for a comprehensive study of terrorism; however, the psychological theories can not be accepted as explanation of terrorism. Terrorists are normal human beings. The questions of a pathological mind or early socialization as causal factor play little, if any, role in explaining terrorism and terrorists. Terrorists come from all backgrounds (Borun, 2004; Wienburg, 2006). The bulk of the modem day terrorists come from middle and upper middle class with a sound economic background and often even having a university degree (Turk, 2004). …" @default.
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• W2593131551 date "2013-07-01" @default.
• W2593131551 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2593131551 title "Pakhtun Cultural Values, Terrorism and the Contextual Meaning of Violence" @default.
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