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• W2596776836 abstract "IntroductionThe word Anzac calls forth a whole host of images and meanings in today's Turkey. It is the name by which the locals at Gallipoli warmly refer to the thousands of Australians and New Zealanders who visit the peninsula every year. It is also the name of many of the hotels and restaurants that heartily welcome their business. The cove where their forefathers fought a century ago and which now hosts the final resting place for many of them is called Anzac as well. More significantly, the same word connotes conciliatory feelings with regard to a former enemy. This sentiment is famously captured in a statement generally attributed to Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the Turkish leader who himself gained prominence at Gallipoli. He is widely agreed to have described the Anzacs as those heroes who 'are now lying in the soil of a friendly country' and to have uttered an appeal to Anzac mothers to 'wipe away your tears' because 'your sons are now lying in our bosom and are in peace'.1 Despite the obscurity that shrouds their origins, these touching words have remained powerful through the generations and helped to elevate the image of the Anzacs in Turkish perception.The depiction of the enemy has been an important strand in the representation of Gallipoli in Turkish literature. The first works that ensued from the experience were, in fact, part of a tradition that came to an end with the disintegration of the Ottoman state after the First World War. This was followed by the Republican period, an era marked by an intense effort to build a new country. Gallipoli lost some of its thematic appeal in the early years of modern Turkey as the focus of patriotic literature shifted from the First World War to its aftermath, namely to the resistance movement carried out against the occupying Allied forces. The 1990s brought a change, however, as Gallipoli came to the fore again, partially in response to growing attention from the Anzac side. Now the topic began to be addressed in novels in particular, bringing to an end the dominance of the poetic medium in its treatment. This article will look at the image of the enemy as represented in this literature. Despite the varying degrees of interest over the years, the body of works published on the topic of Gallipoli in literary form now constitutes a sizeable volume. On the other hand, it can also safely be said that, with the exception of a very few, they generally fail to demonstrate much literary merit. These texts can be read, nevertheless, for their representative value as they largely reveal certain patterns of thought particular to the Turkish experience. The discussion below will therefore concern itself not only with the few that have stood the test of time and received critical acclaim. It will also try to highlight a number of themes and stylistic features that commonly appear in the rest of the literature. Also an attempt will be made to point out the changes that have occurred over time and explain these in relation to the larger political and cultural context.Representation in the late Ottoman periodThe battles were fought by the army of the Ottoman empire which had entered the First World War on the side of Germany. Military and economic woes had long sent the country on a downward spiral. The Ottoman state was in the position of having to guard its borders against constant external threats; at the same time, it also had to contain the rising trend of secessionism within its various ethnic communities. In 1912, shortly before the First World War, the Ottoman state had suffered a most humiliating defeat when it lost an important chunk of its territory in the Balkans, experiencing not only a major loss in economic terms, but also a deep scar in the public consciousness. From this point on, the Turkish nationalist movement gained impetus and strength2 and was reinforced by the literature that followed from the experience.3It was against this background that the Ottomans found themselves having to defend a crucial portion of their homeland. …" @default.
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• W2596776836 date "2015-12-01" @default.
• W2596776836 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2596776836 title "The Face of the 'Enemy': The Image of the Adversary in Turkish Literary Works about Gallipoli" @default.
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