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• W2597573972 abstract "INTRODUCTIONWhen an individual perceives an event being a threat to their ego or self-esteem, basic human emotion experienced by individual is which consists of fear and uncertainty (Sarason, 1988). A commonly cited definition of refers it as a physiological state characterized by cognitive, physical and behavioural components (Seligman, Walker & Rosenhan, 2001). One of most threatening events that cause among students today seems to be or a fear of examinations. When students develop an extreme fear of performing poorly in an examination, they experience anxiety. Test is uneasiness, apprehension, or nervousness felt by students who had a fear of failing an examination. Students who have experience any of following: fear of embarrassment by a teacher; association of grades with personal worth; time pressures; fear of alienation from parents or friends; or feeling a loss of control. While term test anxiety refers specifically to students, many workers share same experience with regard to their career or profession. The fear of failing at a task and being negatively evaluated for failure can have a similar negative effect on adult.Test involves a combination of physiological over-arousal, worry and dread about performance, and often it interferes with normal learning and lowers performance. It has been found that 30% of students suffer from various levels of (Shaked, 1996). Wine (1971, 1982) in her cognitive - attentional theory of anxiety, claimed that has a negative influence on an individual's performance due to fact that anxious person tends to divide their attention between personal variables and variables connected to task. In contrast, non-test anxious persons are able to focus their attention more on task itself. Test reduces performance of those who experience it (Sarason, 1980). In addition, it causes emotional suffering (Ben-Dov, 1992) too. When students develop an extreme fear of performing poorly in an examination, they experience anxiety. Test is a major factor contributing to a variety of negative outcomes including psychological distress, academic underachievement, academic failure and insecurity (Hembree, 1988). Test is a serious problem for many children and adolescents attending elementary and secondary schools (Ergene, 2003).Test is a product of an interaction between an individuals' disposition eg., personal traits such as optimism/pessimism, self-efficacy, self-esteem and perceived threat of situation encountered, which is outcome process of transactional models of related performance (Endler & Parker, 1992; Lazarus, 1999). Hence, personal traits such as optimism and self-esteem and societal factors like social support play a vital role in influencing anxiety.Optimism as a construct, strikes a chord of interest in many domains of psychology. Optimism is defined as a set of cognitive expectations or attributions about future that are positive and hopeful (Peterson, 2000). Optimism indicates thinking positively about future and well-being, which indicates that an optimistic person is not only significantly less likely to suffer from depression or anxiety, but also much more likely to succeed in academics, occupational, political, and athletic fields (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000).Self-esteem is another component which is a causal factor of (Endler & Parker, 1992). Self-esteem is defined as a stable sense of personal worth or worthiness (Rosenberg, 1965). Self-esteem is defined as the experience of being competent to cope with basic challenges of life and being worthy of happiness (Branden, 1969). These days, basic challenge for students is examination and self-esteem is an important construct to overcome fear of examination. …" @default.
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• W2597573972 date "2015-01-01" @default.
• W2597573972 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2597573972 title "Optimism, Self-Esteem and Social Support among Students with High and Low Test Anxiety" @default.
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