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• W2598583608 abstract "Abstract. Duplex stainless steels are particularly well suited for the kraft chemical pulping process and they have become the de facto standard materials of construction for digesters, steaming vessels, level tanks, sand separators, flash tanks, liquor tanks, and concentrators. The tendency to push these materials beyond their limits has resulted in corrosion, cracking, and erosion. Duplex stainless steels have not fared well in corrosive bleach plant applications. Examples are given of good and bad applications, with the resulting ugly consequences that can occur if duplex is pushed too far. 1. Introduction The pulp and paper industry has increasingly adopted duplex stainless steels since the 1970's. The grades most widely used are UNS S32205 and S32304. The properties that made duplex stainless steels attractive compared with conventional austenitic stainless steels were: - Better resistance to general corrosion - Better resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) - Higher fatigue strength - Higher hardness (better resistance to wear) - Higher mechanical strength The first meaningful use of duplex stainless steels in alkaline pulping was for construction of batch digesters [1-5]. It has turned out that duplex stainless steels have seen the most successful application in equipment handling alkaline pulping liquors, including batch and continuous digesters [6], steaming vessels [7], flash tanks [8], and tanks for green liquor and white liquor. The superior corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steels is primarily due to their higher chromium contents. Molybdenum does not contribute to corrosion resistance in alkaline service. S32205 is still used predominantly for pressure vessels, although S32304 is favoured for tanks. The limitations of duplex stainless steels were discovered by trail and error through the use of full size corrosion coupons [9, 10]. In the recovery area, duplex stainless steels are not used in recovery boilers due to service temperature limitations; however, duplex stainless steels are particularly well-suited for concentrators and superconcentrators handling strong and heavy black liquors [11 – 18]. In superconcentrators, S32304 is preferred over S32205 due to its higher chromium content. In the paper machine area, the primary application for duplex stainless steels is for suction roll shells [19]. The use of duplex stainless steels has extended the corrosion fatigue life of suction rolls through a combination of improved fatigue strength and resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in paper machine white waters. Duplex has not replaced conventional S31603 austenitic stainless steel in the wet end." @default.
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• W2598583608 date "2010-01-01" @default.
• W2598583608 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2598583608 title "Duplex in the pulp and paper industry - the good, the bad, and the ugly" @default.
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