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• W2599224241 abstract "Spirituality and Neurosciences have long been viewed as being at the two ends of a continuum. With the advent of new scientific techniques, these two seemingly different areas are being brought together by studies which emphasize the effect of spirituality on the brain and brain on spirituality. A majority of these studies include meditation as a method to understand the functioning of the brain during spiritual experiences. The interest in the brain correlates of meditation gained momentum in recent years. Science and spirituality came so close together that the Dalai Lama gave the inaugural Dialogues between Neuroscience and Society lecture at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in Washington, DC in 2005.Definitions and types of meditationMeditation is a process that helps the practitioner to learn to selfregulate the body and mind. Different meditation techniques share some distinctive features. However, they vary with respect to how and why they are practiced. Meditation is operationally defined as practises that ( 1 ) utilize a specific and clearly defined technique (2) involve muscle relaxation somewhere during the process (3) involve logic relaxation (4) are self induced and (5) use a self-focus skill or anchor for attention (Cardoso et al., 2004). The two broad forms meditation are open minded meditation and focussed attention meditation. In open ended meditation, there is no particular focus on an entity. It is more of an experiential kind of meditation process, whereas in focussed attention meditation, attention is focussed on a particular word, phrase or an object or entity. Some forms of meditation combine both these methods. The types of meditation that have been researched include Buddhist and Zen based meditation, Insight Meditation, Mindfulness based meditation, Transcendental Meditation, Sahaja Yoga meditation, Kundalini Yoga Meditation and Sudarshana Kriya.Effects of meditationThe effects of meditation on the brain have been examined from two perspectives.Clinical perspectiveThe first is a clinical perspective and has looked into the effects of meditation on the brain by documenting clinical improvement in symptoms of depression, anxiety, panic and rumination after meditation, following mindfulness based meditation, Sudarshana Kriya, Kundalini Yoga, Sahaja Yoga meditation and Transcendental Meditation. (Arias et al., 2006; Kabat-Zinn, 2003; Ramel et al., 2004.,Yunesian et al, 2008). The single study on mantra meditation found improvement in EEG with mantra meditation in epileptics (Deepak et al., 1994).In a review study by Arias et al. (2006), the systematic search found that the strongest evidence was found for epilepsy, premenstrual syndrome and menopausal syndromes. Sahaja Yoga meditation was found to be helpful as a treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (Harrison ct al., 2004). Improvement in brain functioning seen though improvements in cognitive functions of attention, concentration, verbal creativity, visual reaction time and inhibitory control has been observed after mindfulness based meditation (Brown et al., 1984; Jha et al., 2007).Direct observationStudies from the second perspective are direct observations of electrical (Electroencephalography (EEG)/ Event Related Potential (ERP)) and blood flow (Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)) changes.EEG/ERP studiesResearch has found that meditation alters the brain wave patterns in EEG in terms of power increases in theta and alpha bands, increased power coherence and gamma band effects and increase in percentage of gamma waves in Buddhist meditation and increased alpha power and coherence in Transcendental Meditation (Cahn & Pollich, 2006; Travis & Miskov, 1994; Travis & Wallace, 1999). Logopoulos et al. (2009) studied EEG changes during non-directive meditation and found that there is an increase in alpha power during meditation, and it was significantly more in the posterior areas of the brain. …" @default.
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• W2599224241 date "2016-03-01" @default.
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• W2599224241 title "Neuroscience of Meditation and Its Implications" @default.
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