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• W2599841036 abstract "During past three decades, attachment theory has been one of the most leading theories of social-emotional development in modern psychology stirring a great amount of research in the areas of developmental, clinical, and social psychology (Meyer & Pilkonis, 2001). John Bowlby was the first attachment theorist, described attachment as a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings (Bowlby, 1969, p. 194). According to him, the earliest bonds formed between children and caregivers have a significant impact that continues throughout the life. The basic premise of attachment theory is that individual's experiences with the emotional availability of attachment figures in their lives shape their feelings of self security and trust in others (Bowlby, 1980). Attachment is consider as an affectional bond to an object; usually a loved one Attachment behaviors are inherent and promote survival of the species because they allow adjustment to the environment. Attachment figures allow the child a secure base from which to explore, give the child safety when he encountered threats, and allows the child to learn to regulate his or her level of stress (Bowlby, 1977).Secure, Anxious and Avoidant Attachment StylesSecure attachment elicits care, protection and investment (Goldberg, 2000). Securely attached individuals report high self esteem and feel confident in social situations and describe other as kind, helpful and comfortable in close relationship (Collins & Read, 1990; Feeney & Noller, 1990; Steuber, 2005; Haydon & Shilkert, 2001). Security feelings are mostly inculcated by significant others in a child (Diane & Cohen, 2005). Insecure attachment leads toward high levels of guilt (Haydon & Shilkert, 2001). Insecure individuals experience emotional instability, jealousy and lack of trust within their relationships (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003) Anxious-attached and avoidant-attached individuals experienced significantly more stress, conflict in their life and lack of trust (Fraley et al., 2006; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003; Selterman & Drigotas, 2009).In Pakistan, the concept of adult attachment style has emerged only quite recently as compared to western world. In a study, Farooqi (2008) Found that individuals with secure attachment style score significantly low on depression as compared to individuals with insecure attachment style. Safdar (2002), while studying the association of attachment styles and personality factors, found that secure attachment style is positively correlated with extraversion, openness to experience and conscientiousness. Fearful attachment style is positively correlated with neuroticism and negatively correlated with extraversion, openness to experience and conscientiousness. Moreover, results obtained on gender differences shows no significant difference for fearful, preoccupied and dismissing attachment styles. Hussain (2008) showed that secure attachment style had a significant positive impact on altruistic behavior. Avoidant style had a non significant negative impact whereas anxious style had a significant negative impact on altruistic behavior. In a study exploring attachment style and conflict management among married couples, it was found that securely attached individuals use conflict management techniques whereas; fearful individuals avoid conflict situations (Iqbal, 2007). Azam (2006) studied impact of parent's marital conflict on adolescent parental attachment and social competence and finding of study revealed that parent's marital have negative relationship with parental attachment and social competence. Individuals who perceive high marital conflict have low attachment with their parents and low competence.Relationship between Attachment Styles and Emotional ExpressionMurphy and Bates (2006) proposed the relationship between attachment styles and the depressive personality vulnerabilities. Depressive disorder in clinical populations tends to be more associated with fearful attachment. …" @default.
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• W2599841036 date "2013-01-01" @default.
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• W2599841036 title "Attachment Styles as a Predictor of Emotional Expression among Depressed and Non Depressed Individuals" @default.
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