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• W2600691250 abstract "WHAT IS PROFESSIONALISM?Parhizgar and Parhizgar (2006, p. 610) indicated that the notion of professionalism does seem to be a more impersonally regulated concept and often has been structured in terms of serving others beyond self-interest. Every day we hear the terms profession, professional, and professionalism. At one level, we describe a member of a profession is related to a group of experts who are committed to certain self-made rules and regulations through observing a pluralistic professional codes of ethics. These professional codes of ethics mandate a member of a profession to observe them in addition to the occupationally mandated rules. Accordingly, Edgar Schein (1966, p. 3) has sketched out the basic elements in conceiving the concept of professionalism as follows: an economical term, professionalism is more oriented towards elitism. This means more should be given to those who have developed their intelligence rather than more is given to those who have not. It is common for the incumbents of a profession to regard themselves as people whose services are given to others in a way that leaves room for their personal selfishness. The idea of professionalism does seem to be more impersonally regulated and has often been viewed as client-centered - precise separation of selfishness from altruistic perceptions. In philosophical terms, professionals have been supposed to enter their professions for love rather than money. This means that faculty members in colleges and universities are serving students beyond their personal financial interests. Professionals are conceived as meritocratic experts in specific scientific branches of knowledge. They possess all possible pluralistic competencies to practice their jobs and morally, ethically, and legally are accountable for their success or failure. This perception enshrines a range of virtues more than a set of scientific skills. This means that professionals practice their skills with very high levels of virtuous standards. Furthermore, professionalism is known as an altruistic concept to be highly devoted to others' interests (e.g., students' learning). Professionals are loyal to their specializations rather than to be dominated by their organizational superior authorities. This notion is based the level of performances to be loyal to professional obligations rather than to their personal interest groups. Professionals during their practices avoid self-serving interests and strive for meeting the needs of their clients (e.g., medical doctors, professors, teachers, judges, nurses, and firefighters). Professionalism avoids dehumanization of a group of people whose intentions and practices serve clients rather than making self-profit. Within the practice of professionalism philosophy, clients easily perceive the integrity of practitioners who are judged to be on their side. Nevertheless, professionalism avoids hypocrisy (Carr, 2000; De George, 1995)WHAT IS OCCUPATIONALISM?We may begin our analytical discussions by recognizing a broad distinction among professionalism and occupationalism. These ideas carry different definitions, power, authority, responsibility, and accountability in colleges and universities. Both terms refer to specific ranges of activities. Occupationalism is viewed as a societal bureaucratic ordering (legal) system concerning the values, contributions, effectiveness, and efficiency of all types of jobs and jobholders in a college/university. Occupations and occupational incumbents attempt to convince the public, legislators, and community authorities that they deserve high respect, prestige, privilege, and special treatments in society because of two major reasons: (1) they claim that they begin to generate their own esoteric and useful knowledge including branches of scientific expertise, skilful pragmatic know-how methodological thinking for doing things, and both possession of experiential and experimental valuable data, and (2) the basis of acquisition of scholarly knowledge and rendering services to their clients for receiving very high pays (e. …" @default.
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• W2600691250 date "2015-07-01" @default.
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• W2600691250 title "Professional and Occupational Balkanization of Academicians' Institutional Voting Rights and Duties" @default.
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