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• W2604196332 abstract "In the present, second part of a series of contributions dealing with unusual nectaries, certain nectarial glands occurring in seven unrelated families are described and characterized as nectarioles. This term denotes anatomically heterogeneous, few-celled, glandular modules or idioblasts displayed singly or in clusters on the surface of flowers (producing nuptial nectar) or on vegetative organs (producing extranuptial nectar). Structural equivalents of floral nectarioles in the green parts may yield other kinds of secretions. The nectar secreted by the tepals of Chimonanthus praecox (Calycanthaceae) originates from small, loosely aggregated, but disconnected units. Each unit consists of an assemblage of glandular cells arranged around a single stomatal sap-hole. The descendance of these nectarioles from stomatal hydathodes, as found in the magnoliid alliance, and their hypothetical role as elementary modules leading to more advanced, complex nectaries in evolution is discussed. Remarks on food tissue in nectarless Sinocalycanthus chinensis are appended. Similar, more voluminous nectarioles are distributed over the limb of the kettle-trap flower of Aristolochia melastoma. Being involved in floral attraction, they differ functionally from the trichomatous nectary inside the flower's utriculus, which is designed to provide subsistence to pollinators during their captivity. The extranuptial, calycinal nectaries of Irlbachia (Gentianaceae) are aggregations of numerous glandular cell-tetrads. The individual gland is surrounded by 4–8 subsidiary cells and drained via a central channel and pore. Its architecture and development resemble the salt-excreting epidermal Licopoli glands typical of the Plumbaginaceae and relatives. In parallel to certain other insectivorous families, Sarracenia (the only genus possessing nectar flowers in the Sarraceniaccae) incorporates a multitude of small epidermal glands into the flower in lieu of a conventional floral nectary, which it lacks. The individual nectarioles, seated in the ovary wall, represent a more luxuriant variant of the basically 14-celled gland type that yields nectar in the pitcher sphere to lure prey and probably serves as hydathode in most of the remaining green parts. The glands distributed over nearly all aerial parts of Cephalotus jollicularis (Cephalotaceae) share a common basic construction and are known to be nearly identical with those of Sarracenia. They produce extranuptial nectar on the floral bracts and on the pitcher. The remaining glands outside the pitchers are assumed to be active as hydathodes in early development, while the function of the two major size classes of glands inside the pitchers remains uncertain. Cephalotus has a nuptial nectary. Forming a contiguous perigynous disk, the gland is unrelated to the vegetative type. Its peculiar pincushion-like appearance rests on the presence of numerous pillars, each of which bears an apical stomatal sap-hole. The 4-celled glands forming dense aggregations on the surface of the nectarogeneous tepal auricles of Cabomba (Cabombaceae) are homologous to the trichomes of the submersed green parts. These are common also in other Nymphaeales and known to produce slime or to be involved in ion exchange. The glands of the auricles are supplied by a contiguous, glandular mesenchyma and appear to be the sites of active nectar secretion. Nectar production, so far unknown in the Piperaceae, was found in the flower spikes of Peperomia magnoliifolia and P. obtusijolia. Exploitation by ants and dipterans was observed in the greenhouse. Nectarioles, sunken in pits and comprised of a few glandular hairs, are located amidst each peltate bract. The trichomes are anatomical equivalents ofhydathode hairs that are active in growing organs and widerspread in the family. Entomophily in Piper is confirmed, but an earlier suggestion that the floral bracts of the subgenus Ottonia are nectariferous was not substantiated." @default.
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• W2604196332 date "1998-01-01" @default.
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• W2604196332 title "Remarkable nectaries: structure, ecology, organophyletic perspectives" @default.
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