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• W261160483 abstract "In two experiments I investigated the nature of implicit memory test, anagram solution, by manipulating several variables during the study phase. In Experiment 1, the effects of solution type (single vs. multiple), and study type (physical orienting vs. semantic orienting vs. control) on an anagram solution test were examined. Results of an ANOVA revealed significant main effects of solution type manipulation (single vs. multiple). In Experiment 2, the effects of solution type (single vs. multiple), and study type (reading vs. generate vs. control) on the anagram solution test were examined. ANOVA revealed significant main effects of solution type and generation manipulation. In all study types the anagrams with single solution produced more priming than anagrams with multiple solutions. The findings showed that the anagram solution test was an implicit test that had a perceptual nature and the number of anagram solutions was important for the test performance. Dissociations were obtained between test materials (single vs. multiple) used to measure the same memory processes. I emphasized dissociations among constructional features (solution type) of an anagram solution test. Memory has been defined traditionally as the faculty of retaining and recalling past experiences. However, today the existence of implicit memory has been shown in some experimental studies (Challis, 1989; Eysenck, 1990). Even though different researchers name it differently, the most used term is implicit memory, suggested by Graf and Schacter (1985). However, as mentioned by Schacter (1987) in his review article on this issue, the history of implicit memory goes back earlier, even though it became popular for the last twenty years. Today, implicit memory that can be defined as the recollection of knowledge unconsciously is different than explicit memory in which knowledge is recalled consciously. In traditional explicit memory tests (recognition, recall), a target personal event of the subjects related to past experience is attributed intentionally. However, in implicit memory tests there is not any attribution to the past experiences. Tests like word stem completion, word fragment completion, perceptual identification, and anagram solution are the most used tests in the assessment of implicit memory. In these tests, the inclination of the subjects to complete the test items with the words that they have faced in the study phase, namely priming, is accepted as the sign of an implicit memory (Greene, 1992; Richardson-Klavehn & Bjork, 1988; Roediger, 1990; Schacter, 1987; Schacter, Chiu & Ochesner, 1993). Interest in implicit memory tests has increased as a result of several studies that have shown dissociations between performance on implicit and traditional explicit memory tests (Bowers & Schacter, 1990; Graf & Mandler, 1984; McCauley, Eskes & Moscovitch, 1996; Paller, 1990; Schacter & Garf, 1989). When the related literature is examined, it can be seen that implicit memory tests can be categorized under two main titles: Perceptual and conceptual tests. In perceptual implicit memory tests (data-driven), the subjects are expected to react to the test materials that have a perceptual nature; that is to say, the subjects are asked to find solutions by assessing the stimulus on a perceptual-physical base. In conceptual memory tests (conceptually-driven), the subjects are expected to react to the test materials that have a conceptual nature. In other words, they are supposed to find solutions by assessing the stimulus on a conceptual-semantic base (Blaxton, 1989; Roediger & Blaxton, 1987; Roediger, Srinivas & Weldon, 1989; Tulving & Schacter, 1990). There are also many studies that call attention to the fact that implicit memory tests may vary even in themselves (McDermott & Roediger, 1994; McDermott & Roediger, 1996; Rajaram & Roediger, 1993; Schacter, 1984; Srinivas & Roediger, 1990; Weldon, 1991). …" @default.
• W261160483 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W261160483 date "2005-12-01" @default.
• W261160483 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W261160483 title "Effects of Anagrams with Single or Multiple Solutions, Level-of-Processing, and Generation on Implicit Memory" @default.
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