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• W2613235957 abstract "Reviewed by: Guilty of Indigence: The Urban Poor in China, 1900–1953 by Janet Y. Chen Helen M. Schneider Chen, Janet Y. Guilty of Indigence: The Urban Poor in China, 1900–1953. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012. viii, 309 pp. $45.00 (cloth). Guilty of Indigence is an elegantly written and well-researched book about the meanings of poverty and how the poor were classified during the first half of the twentieth century. It is political and social history at its finest—Chen successfully explains the ways that states and their agents sought to manage the most disadvantaged populations and how the poor resisted their exclusion from full social citizenship. It is also part urban history, for it dwells on poverty in Beijing and Shanghai and contextualizes poverty in the complex histories of both of those cities. As the title of the book suggests, the work shows how over time poverty came to be understood as consisting of social parasites, as a problem to be solved, and as suffered by those guilty of being unproductive members of society. We learn about the inability of local government bureaus and social organizations to meet obligations to the poor, and how institutions vacillated between punitive and charitable attempts to make poor people productive. Chen's book is part of a growing scholarship that examines the continuities and developments of society across the 1949 divide by showing the power of different Chinese states to control their populations, and exposes their inability to deal with the intransigent social problem of poverty in effective and lasting ways. Chen explains how the understandings of poverty changed over the course of the late Qing to the early years of the People's Republic of China. In the late Qing dynasty, most elites mistrusted transients, who were seen as disruptive because they lacked attachments to family or to place, but did not necessarily stigmatize the poor. In a chronological narrative, Chen carefully shows how the shift toward punitive treatment of the poor occurred. It began as the Chinese became more clearly aware of their weaknesses in relation to other states during the late nineteenth century. The problem of poverty, like the place of women or the health of its subjects, held China back from being a stronger and more productive nation. And as a social problem, the issue of poverty needed solutions. One idea that gained traction at the end of the Qing was to incarcerate the poor in workhouses, thereby demanding labor in return for relief. During the Republican period, there was a further development in how elites understood poverty with the growth of the academic discipline of sociology, which arrived in part via missionary educators. The West was significant as a source of ideas for dealing with poverty and as a foil for the image of Beijing and Shanghai when authorities deemed beautification necessary to show that the government was effective in dealing with evidence of poverty. The presumed problem of vagrancy became increasingly intolerable, and over time it seemed necessary to demand that those classified as vagrants and beggars meet minimum requirements for social citizenship—the contribution of labor. Although Chen does not discuss this in a sustained way, gender and was a factor in classification of the poor. Men were more frequently believed indolent and unwilling to work, and hence incarcerated in greater numbers. Although Chen claims at the outset that she wrote the book not to examine the poor's custodians or benefactors but to put them at the center, much is learned about governments and> institutions that dealt with poverty, including the Guomindang, the Shanghai Municipal Council, Japanese occupation regimes, and the Communists. Chen also tells us about the attempts of many different social institutions, or non-governmental organizations, to understand and solve the problems of poverty. Yenching University's sociology department helped classify the poor, and its graduates went on to work in charitable institutions or government organizations. For example, we learn how the Salvation Army worked in tandem with the Shanghai Municipal Council to solve the beggar problem. Religion appears to be an important factor in the twentieth-century efforts to understand and moreover to alleviate poverty, yet..." @default.
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• W2613235957 date "2013-01-01" @default.
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• W2613235957 title "Guilty of Indigence: The Urban Poor in China, 1900–1953 by Janet Y. Chen" @default.
• W2613235957 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2013.0048" @default.
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