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• W2613626803 abstract "This working technical paper focusses on climate change impacts on UK wastewater infrastructure. The paper considers impacts such as those caused by changes in precipitation (seasonal and event-based), temperature and sea level rise on infrastructure, services, society and the environment before discussing adaptation strategies including those to manage uncertainties. The paper is based on a review of published and grey literature and as such will not reflect current activities, for example those of wastewater companies. The paper is aimed at academics and researchers working in collaboration with the water industry. The recent floods events in the UK highlight the vulnerability of infrastructure and essential services to disruption from natural hazards. The failure of wastewater infrastructure to withstand intense weather events demonstrates the need for new adaptation. Amongst the future impacts on the wastewater systems, sewers have been identified to be at significant risk of flooding from surface water runoff, which in turn may cause sewer backups, external flooding and internal flooding in buildings. This not only affects wastewater company assets but also customers who have to deal with the consequences of their properties being flooded by runoff contaminated with sewage. Increased runoff will also impact sewage pumping stations (SPS) and wastewater treatment works (WWTW). During the UK summer floods in 2007, hundreds of SPS and WWTW were flooded and put out of action as sewers in many places were overwhelmed by runoff. These impacts were often exacerbated by elevated river levels causing backup in the sewerage systems. Increases in combined sewer overflow (CSO) discharges are expected in future, leading to increased pollutant loads from untreated wastewater discharged into receiving watercourses. Prolonged periods of dry weather may result in increased sedimentation of solids in sewerage systems, contributing towards increased ‘first flush’ pollutant loads and concentrations of untreated wastewater from CSOs. Lower flows combined with higher temperatures also increases the probability of hydrogen sulphide gas production, septicity and associated odour-related issues, and an increasingly corrosive effluent in periods of prolonged dry weather. Overall treatment processes are expected to improve due to increased retention times and higher temperatures. However, at the same time, climate change is likely to result in reduced river flows, in summer at least, requiring increased treatment to meet consents. Infiltration of saline water into sewers will adversely affect the performance of wastewater treatment predominantly in relation to interceptor sewers that have been laid along the coast. Many of the risks imposed by climate change on wastewater infrastructure are already being addressed to some extent by the wastewater companies. This is evident in the reports produced under the Adaptation Reporting Power (ARP) in 2011. Previously, the focus of adaptation was on ensuring that no critical assets were seriously affected by extreme weather events over their estimated lifetime, taking into account the latest climate projections. However more recently, the adaptation strategies endorsed by Government Agencies are less prescriptive and encapsulate a broader strategy for adaptation as described by the UK Government’s Guide to improving the resilience of critical infrastructure and essential services. Although adaptation strategies are becoming increasingly more sophisticated, with a wide variety of different types of interventions, there is likely to be a need to increase capacity of critical wastewater infrastructure where deemed necessary by the sewerage companies be, and demonstrated to be cost-beneficial. But in general there remains considerable uncertainty about the effectiveness of adaptation measures, because impacts are not fully understood (and are uncertain) and because the effectiveness of these measures has not been evaluated in detail. The main findings and recommendations identified by this report are: • Climate change is affecting wastewater infrastructure and this has implications on the wastewater companies' performance indicators. These impacts are greater in some regions more than others. Further work is recommended to develop a set of indicators which can be applied at the catchment level to identify catchments that are most prone to the adverse effects of climate change. In the absence of accurate and precise climate predictions, a risk-based approach can be used to explicitly accommodate a range of possible futures. • Designers and operators of wastewater systems have developed a good understanding of climate variability but the onset of climate change has increased the unpredictability of hazardous events in terms of location of occurrence, timing and magnitude. These uncertainties could be investigated further using integrated catchment and sewer system models, stochastic weather generators and the latest climate science on extremes. • The consequential impacts on society and the environment are not well quantified. The development of vulnerability and risk assessments for potentially affected communities would help to better understand these impacts in a way that can inform decision making and adaptation strategies. • The development of monitoring programmes by wastewater companies is recommended to capture the impacts of a changing climate, define climate-related performance thresholds and relate these to service indicators. Monitoring programmes should therefore be supported by long-term data management strategies. • The development of an 'adaptation strategies guide' for wastewater companies is recommended to promote a wider range of adaptation interventions based on the projected climate impacts for different regions. Wastewater companies could use the information included in the guide to develop plans containing adaptation options suited to their specific needs, taking into consideration their location, climate impacts of concern, and available resources. • Given the increasing emphasis on customer demands and willingness to pay, information on cost-effectiveness will be vital to inform stakeholder consultation. Very little information was found on cost-effectiveness of adaptation options but this could be in part due to commercial sensitivity. In particular, a systematic assessment of the extent of benefits of SUDS to reduce sewage flooding-related problems is recommended. • Studies to enhance the understanding of the drivers and challenges/barriers to uptake of adaptation measures strategies are also recommended. A focus should be given to social perception of impacts and acceptability of proposed adaptation strategies, considering economic incentives and disincentives, the roles of different actors in uptake of these strategies and any requirements for reforms in policy and regulatory frameworks." @default.
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• W2613626803 date "2014-06-01" @default.
• W2613626803 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2613626803 title "Wastewater infrastructure: collection, treatment and disposal" @default.
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